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a teacher's certificate. He taught his first term in the "Old Red 

 Schoolhouse" since famous as the place where the noted financier 

 Jay Gould and the brilliant John Burroughs received their early 

 education. The latter was among his first pupils. For fourteen 

 years he followed the profession of school teaching, and then 

 took up the business of marble cutting, in which he is still en- 

 gaged. 



From boyhood Mr. Graves has had a leaning toward the 

 sciences, especially mathematics, astronomy and botany, but it 

 was not until comparatively late in life that botany took first 

 place in his studies. His collection of living plants and herbarium 

 specimens now represent upward of a thousand species. His 

 specialties are the sedges and grasses. 



Mr. Graves has contributed numerous articles to botanical 

 publications, and also furnished much of the data for the 

 "Flora of the Upper Susquehanna." In recent years he has taken 

 a greater interest in living plants, and his grounds contain speci- 

 mens of nearly all the wild plants of interest in his locality, as 

 well as many others from distant places. 



Since 1885 he has resided at Susquehanna. Pa., where he has 

 for some years been a member of the Borough Council and of the 

 Board of Health. 



THE CULTIVATION OF OUR HARDY FERNS. 



By Wizard N. Clute. 



When one becomes interested in ferns, he seldom goes long 

 without beginning a collection of the living plants. Herbarium 

 specimens will answer for systematic study, but one cannot learn 

 anything of the plant's habits from such sources. He must go 

 to the woods and fields for these studies or else bring wood 

 and field home with him by transplanting the ferns to his own 

 grounds. Probably the great majority of ferns planted in pri- 

 vate grounds are planted for their beauty alone : but this does 

 not militate against the fact that such specimens afford the most 

 convenient opportunity for study. 



Taken as a whole, I know of no race of plants that lend them- 

 selves so readily to cultivation (in the sense of being grown 



