65 



it is warmed to the proper temperature before it rises to outlet pipt. 

 This outlet pipe is 3 in., from the top of the heater so as to give space 

 for the froth to rise above it and not run over the top of the heater. The 

 outlet pipe has a joint in it so that it can be easily cleaned. The 

 heater is placed in a barrel of water which is kept boiling by having a 

 steam pipe direct from the boiler into it. The barrel has a long staple 

 on each side of it which reaches above the heater, and these staples hold 

 a brace in its place that goes across the heater to hold it down. The 

 The barrel has to be full of boiling water before the cream goes into 

 the heater so that the cream will be heated sufficiently before it rises to 

 the outlet pipe. 



If I was going to pasteurise for butter-making I would run the cream 

 into a cooler made the same as the heater. Instead of setting it in boil- 

 ing water I would place it in a barrel, and pack it all around with crush- 

 ed ice and salt. Fine crushed ice and salt will make a temperature of 

 zero, which will cool the cream to 80°, which is the temperature of the 

 cream as it usually comes from the separator without pasteurising. Pas- 

 teurising, to be properly done, depends as much, on the cream being cooled 

 to 50° or under, as quickly as possible as it does on heating it to 160°. 

 The quicker the cream is cooled, the better it is, and the longer it will keep 

 sweet. — (American National Butter and Cheesemakers' Association). 



ORCHIDS AT HOPE GARDENS. 



The following orchids have lately been in fine flower at Hope Gar- 

 dens : — 



Oncidium ampliatum. — This orchid was first discovered in the Gulf 

 of Nicoya, in Costa Rica, and was subsequently gathered in various 

 parts of Central America from Guatemala to the Isthmus of Panama. 

 The flower-spike, which springs from the base of the matured pseudo- 

 bulb, is from 1ft. to 3ft. long, branched, and many flowered. The 

 flowers which sometimes exceed 1\ inches in diameter, have yellow 

 sepals with red spots, and there are a few red spots about the base of 

 the petals and lip, otherwise the colour is bright canary- yellow. 



Dendrobium formosum var, gigantenm. — First introduced to European 

 gardens from the Khasia Hills, in 1837. It, is widely distributed over 

 north- eastern India and Burmah, from Sylhet and theGarrow Hills south- 

 ward as for as Tavoy on the Tenasserim coast. In British Burmah it 

 is abundant from Moulmein to Tavoy, especially about Amherst, where 

 the native women use the flowers to adorn their hair. It is also a 

 native of the Andaman Islands, and some of the very finest forms are 

 found in Han grove swamps along the sea-coast, where the plants are 

 washed by sea-spray during stormy weather. In these islands there is 

 rain during 1 1 months of the year, so that the plants have practically 

 no resting season. This is the largest-flowered, and finest of the white 

 dendrobiums. The flowers are produced towards the ends of the leafy 

 stems, usually in clusters of 3 to 5 ; the individual flowers are about 4 

 inches across, of the purest white, save an orange-yellow blotch on the 

 lip ; the sepals are lance-shaped and pointed ; the petals almost as broad 

 as long, blunt ; the lip has a large, tongue- like, reflexed front. 



