101 



average yield of milk from cows was from about 4,2001b. to 5,3001b., 



there are now good average cows yielding, if well cared for, from 8,0001b., 

 to 9,0001b., and a few up to 10,0001b. In 1868 the yearly average yield 

 of butter per cow was 112flb. in 1872 it was 1461b., and increasing ever 

 since. The Jutland breed is black and white, and the dairy qualities 

 are not well developed ; they are better suited for beef. They resemble 

 the Holstein-Frisian breed, but the cows are rather small where the soil 

 is poor. The average yield of milk was, in 1892, between 3,5001b and 

 4,5001b. per year. In exceptional cases, after selection, the average of 

 some herds was as high as 6,500. 



The management of calves in Denmark is worthy of notice, especially 

 in the south-east and elsewhere where tuberculosis has a foothold. The 

 calf is at once put into a pen by itself, and within a couple of days it is 

 injected with tuberculine, to test whether or not it is affected with tu- 

 berculosis from its mother. If there is a reaction from this injection, 

 shown by a rising temperature, then it is killed at once. The healthy 

 calves are put together by twos until they are two months old, and then 

 four together, until sprin when they all have access to a yard In May 

 before being put upon grass, another injection of tuberculine is made, 

 so as to be quite sure to have a herd free from tuberculosis. This dis- 

 ease is so frequent that the affected cows could not be all killed at once. 

 The germs of the disease are without fail indicated by tuberculine, 

 Professor Koch's great discovery. 



All farmers in Denmark strive with might and main to improve 

 their stock, especially through "bull associations." At Ringe, in Tunen, 

 for instance, twenty-nine farmers owned a superior bull. They selected 

 100 of their best cows, and he was put to none but these. Inferior cows 

 were not eligible. The service fee was nearly 3s. to provide for the keep 

 of the bull, but the state paid one-third of it. Altogether, a yearly sum 

 of about £2,700 is devoted by the state to this purpose. But the State 

 pays in many other ways for the advancement of agriculture and dairy- 

 ing in particular. There are ten private agricultural schools, each of 

 which receives state aid, according to the number of students, up to 

 £162 a year. Besides these, there are somewhere about 100 ordinary 

 high class schools, which give agricultural instruction, and about 2,000 

 dairies take pupils who receive board and lodging and a small salary for 

 their services. The Royal Veterinary College of Copenhagen has ten 

 professors besides assistants and lecturers, and nearly 400 students who 

 pay ; the State pays annually £324 for the instruction of twenty- two 

 students, and the annual appropriation for the college, irrespective of 

 salaries of the professors, is £1,762. For enlargement of the institution 

 £44,711 has been voted. The State pays for nine "Konsulenter," or ad- 

 visers, who deliver lectures and answer questions^pertaining to agricul- 

 ture, three of whom are specialists in dairy matters. Persons requiring 

 the services of either of these advisers pay a portion of his travelling 

 expenses, and give him board and lodging whilst at the place. 



DAIRY UTENSILS AND BUTTER-MAKING. 



In Denmark the Burmeister and Waine separator is mostly used. It 

 can raise the skim milk and cream through its discharge pipes to a 

 height of 8ft., whence it runs by gravitation to reservoirs. It is the only 

 separator which will do this The DeLaval "Alpha" separator is gaining 



