9 



is variegated with red and yellow. There are 10 stamens, all bending one way, distinct from one 

 another, but attached to the disk ; the filaments are hairy at the base. The pistil consists of one carpel ; 

 the ovary is shortly stalked, and is not adherent to the calyx (superior) ; there are numerous ovules; 

 the style is long and thread-like (filiform) ; the stigma is terminal, and covered with very small hairs. 

 The fruit is a pod (legume) very long, flat, hard, 2-valved, and filled up within except the spaces for 

 the seeds. The seeds are oblong, with a small scar (hilum), and hard skin (testa) enclosing endosperm 

 (albuminous) ; the endosperm is hard and horny and surrounds the embryo, which is of the same shape 

 as the seed ; the radicle is close to the hilum, straight and somewhat rounded ; the cotyledons are flat, 

 green, with plainly marked midrib, and heart-shaped (cordate) at the base ; the plumule is small. This 

 species is a tree. The leaves are compound, the component parts are arranged along a common stalk 

 (pinnate) and are themselves pinnats, so that the whole leaf is twice pinnate (bi-pinnatc) . The flowers 

 are in terminal racemes. 



Order: Leguminosse. See No. 5. 



(14) Granadilla. (Passifiora quadrangularis, L.) 

 The calyx consists of 5 sepals united (gamo-sepalous) below into a short tube ; the lobes are oblong, 

 fleshy, and overlap in the bud (are imbricate). The corolla consists of 5 distinct petals (poly-petalous), 

 which are a little longer than the calyx-lobes. The corona is a marked feature of the Passion Flowers : 

 in the Granadilla 3 parts may be seen, the outer portion consists of numerous long threads, then follows 

 a circle of smaller threads, and still nearer the centre there is a ring. There are five stamens ; the fila- 

 ments are attached to the long stalk on which the ovary grows (the gyno-phore) and are free above; the 

 anthers are attached at a point near their centre (versatile). The pistil is composed of united carpels 

 (syn-carpous) ; the ovary is stalked, free from the calyx (superior), 1 -celled ; there are 4 styles ; there 

 are numerous ovules ; there are 3 ovule-bearing surfaces (placentas) which run down the wall of the 

 ovary (this is called parietal placentation). The ovary-wall, as it has ripened (peri-carp), has remained 

 fleshy, and the fruit is therefore a berry. The seeds are numerous, compressed, immersed in pulp, with 

 fleshy endosperm (albuminous) which is marked on the outside with dots, due to the markings on the 

 testa ; these cotyledons are thin and flat, endorsed by the endosperm. The Granadilla plant is a climbing 

 herb, with 4-angled branches. The leaves are alternate, simple, entire. The tendrils are axillary, and 

 stipules leafy. The flowers are large, axillary, solitary. The flower stalks are jointed, and have 3 bracts 

 below the flowers 



The Sweet-Cup, Pomme d'or, and other Passion Flowers, all belong to the same order, but differ 

 in some details. 



Order : Passifloreae. See No. 4. 



(15) Castor Oil. (Ricinus communis, L.) 



The flowers have no petals ( a-petalous) ; some have stamens only (male flowers), and some have 

 pistil only (female flowers), and these 2 kinds grow on the same plant (moncecious). In the male 

 flowers the calyx is 5-lobed, with the edges of the lobes just touching in the bud (valvate). The stamens 

 are very numerous; the filaments branch repeatedly ; the anthers are 2-celled, roundish, with the cells 

 distinct. In the female flowers, the calyx is 5-lobed, valvate, inserted on the stalk below the ovary (in- 

 ferior), and remaining attached while the ovary is ripening. The ovary is 3-celled ; the style is very 

 short; there are 3 stigmas, each divided into 2 branches covered with stigmatic lobes ; there is one ovule 

 in each cell, pendulous from the inner angle. Tne fruit is dry and splitting tip (a capsule) into 3 por- 

 tions, each of which splits again with 2 valves. The seeds have endosperm ( albuminous ) which is fleshy ; 

 the cotyledons are flat. The Castor Oil plant is a shrub. The leaves are alternate, large, with the stalk 

 passing off from the back of the leaf ( peltate ), they have 7 or several lobes, so arranged that the 

 spaces between (sinuses) approach the insertion of the stalk (palmately-lobed). The flowers are arranged 

 along a common stalk (raceme) at the ends of the branches, the female flowers above, and the male be- 

 low. 



Order : Euphorbiaceae. See No. 9. 



(16) Bitter or Sweet Cassava. (Manihot.) 



The flowers are unisexual, that is some have stamens only (male flowers) and others have a pistil 

 •nly (female flowers). Both kinds of flowers grow on the same plant (moncecious flowers), and all are 

 without petals (apetalous). 



In the male flowers, which are small, the calyx consists of 5 united sepals (gamo-sepalous), which 

 overlap in the bud (imbricate), and are inserted below the ovary (inferior). There are 10 distinct stamens, 

 inserted below a yellow ring ( disk ), and between its knobs ; the filaments are shorter than the calyx, 

 and are of unequal length. 



In the female flowers, which are larger than the male, the calyx consists of 5 sepals which are only 

 slightly or not at all connected at the base, and are imbricate and inferior. The disk is a simple ring 

 below the ovary. The pistil is composed of 3 united carpels (syn-carpous), as appears from the 3-celled 

 ovary, and the 3 styles, which are shortly connected at the base and expand above into many lobed stig- 

 mas ; there is one pendulous ovule in each cell. The 3-celled fruit is dry and spitting up (a capsule) 

 through the partitions (scpticidal dehiscence) into 3 portions, which also split down at the inner angle. 

 There is one seed in each cell, with an outgrowth round the hilum (caruncle), fleshy endosperm, and leafy 

 cotyledons. 



These plants are half-shrubby perennials with large fleshy roots. The leaves are large, alternate, 

 divided almost to the stalk into 3 to 7 lobes (palmately lobed). The flowers are attached along a com- 

 mon stalk at the ends of branches (in terminal racemes) with the male flowers above. 



Order : Euphorbiaceae. See No. 9. 



