Timbers. 



g8 



[July, 1912. 



Cost of labor, 5 days at 

 Sl-50 ... ... $ 7-50 



Total cost of blowing 102 

 stumps ... ... $ 33 70 



Average cost per stump ... $ 33 



The figures of nine green stumps of the 

 second lot are the following : 

 Average diameter ... 22 inches 



Total weight of dynamite 



required ... ... 48 lb. 



Time required by two men 18^ hours 

 Total cost of blowing 



stumps ... ... $ 14-06 



Average cost per stump ... $ 1*56 



The diameters of the three green oak 

 stumps measured 40, 48 and 43 in. res- 

 pectively. The cost of blowing these 

 stumps was : 



Dynamite, caps and fuse ... $ 6 70 



Labour ... ... $ 3'85 



Total cost $ 10'55, or aver- 

 age per stump ... $ 3*52 



The amount of dynamite required to 

 blow stumps of the same kind in the 

 same soil does not vary directly with 

 the diameter, but more nearly with the 

 square of the diameter, or in other words 

 with the area of a cross section of the 

 stump. The cost of blowing green 

 stumps is from two and a half to three 

 times as great as for dead ones. 



ON THE PRODUCTION OF SEED 

 FOR FOREST TREES. 



By H. P. Kobranoff. 



(Is Oblasti Liesnogo Siemenoviedieniia).-- 



Liesnoi Xurnal. 

 (From the Forest Review), G. XLI, Vep. 

 9-10, pp. 1373-1403. S. Petersburg, 1911.) 



Bulletin of the Bureau of Agricultural 

 Intelligence and of l J lant-D iseases. 

 3rd Year— Number 4, April, 1912.) 



It is well known that the germination 

 power of seeds of forest trees may vary, 

 under ordinary conditions, within very 

 wide limits, for different lots of seed 



taken from a single species, and even 

 from the same tree. 



This was hitherto supposed to depend 

 on errors in experiments and on the 

 difference in the methods employed. But 

 the recent researches of Baur have s-hown 

 that this view is entirely mistaken, as 

 will be seen from the following tablet- 



Method adopt- 

 ed in the 

 Experiments. 



S" a 

 .2 S °& 



I 8 I* 



per cent. 



In pots with earth ... 10 days 88 

 Felt germinator ... 7 „ 91*5 

 "With the Noble apparatus 7 „ 94 

 ,, ,, Liebenberg,, 7 „ 93 

 „ „ Hanneman „ 9 ,, 900 



The effect of different methods or of 

 apparatus being excluded how are we to 

 explain the varying germinating power 

 of seed lots having the same origin ? 



The cultivators and producers of seed 

 follow in each case the empirical method 

 of calculating iu every lot the percentage 

 of germinating seeds, without consider- 

 ing their qualities and specific properties. 



Now in most cases the seeds of forest 

 trees may be divided into the following 

 groups :— 



A Dpvfilnned f (°) those germinating. 



normSv < b > those vvbich have lost 

 J ' \ the power of germinating 



B. Empty seeds developed partenocarpi- 



cally. 



C. Seeds damaged 



Hence, as the proportion between the 

 different groups varies even for the same 

 plant in each lot, the percentage cf ger- 

 minating power has such a relative value 

 that the results of the different examin- 

 ations cannot be compared. In this 

 connection should be considered the ab- 

 solute power of germinating. By "ab- 

 solute power of germinating " is under- 

 stood the percentage of seed that has 

 germinated and which belongs only to 

 group A. 



In practice great importance is attached 

 to the percentage of utilieable seeds : 



