April, 1910.] 



Live Stock, 



Glycerinated Bile. —Koch having shown 

 that Glycerine destroyed the virulence 

 of Rinderpest blood, Edington, in order 

 to minimise the risk of introducing a 

 fresh outbreak of Rinderpest by the 

 inoculation of pure bile, adopted the 

 method of mixing one part of Rinder- 

 pest bile with two parts of Glycerine, 

 and leaving it to stand for eight days. 



The injection of such a mixture pro- 

 duces a passive immunity which by 

 repeated injections may.be maintained 

 until an outbreak has died out. 



An active immunity is frequently con- 

 ferred by the injection of a dose varying 

 from 15 to 35 cc. (according to the size of 

 the animal) followed ten days later by 

 the injection of 0-1 c.c. of virulent blood. 

 Ten to fourteen days later a second dose 

 of 1 cc. of virulent blood is injected, and 

 this in some cases produces a strong 

 active immunity. 



In practice, however, in many herds 

 thus inoculated, no visible reaction 

 followed the first dose of 0-1 c.c. of 

 virulent blood, while the second dose of 

 1 c.c. produces fatal attacks of Rinder- 

 pest. In other instances even the blood 

 inoculation produced Rinderpest. These 

 results were due to the unknown 

 strength of the immunising properties 

 of the bile. 



To produce an active immunity by 

 this method, without great mortality, 

 the injection of a large dose of glycerin- 

 ated bile, followed by several blood 

 injections beginning with an infinites- 

 simal quantity and gradually increasing 

 the dose is necessary. This is impracti- 

 cable on a large scale. 



Glycerinated bile will keep for a very 

 long time, and its use is advisable to 

 confer a passive immunity on a clean 

 herd exposed to possible infection, until 

 such infection has ceased. 



Inoculation by Serum and De/ibrinated 

 Blood.— In 1897 it was shown by Koch 

 that 100 c.c. of defibrinated blood, taken 

 from an animal which had recently 

 recovered from Rinderpest, and injected 

 into a susceptible animal, would pro- 

 tect such animal temporarily from in- 

 fection. This immunity was only passive 

 and of short duration. 



In order to produce an active immu- 

 nity, susceptible animals, after being 

 inoculated with 100 c.c. of salted defi- 

 brinated blood, were exposed to natural 

 infection of Rinderpest, by placing them 

 with a Rinderpest herd or smearing 

 their noses with discharges from Rinder- 

 pest animals. This in many cases pro- 

 duced a mild attack of the disease with 

 subsequent immunity ; but since in 

 some cases the losses in a herd thus 



treated amounted to 24 per cent., the 

 method was discontinued in favour of 

 the simultaneous method of Turner and 

 Kolle. 



Serum and defibrinated blood exert 

 the same influence, but 20 c.c. of the 

 former are equal to 30 cc. of the latter; 

 and while the blood must be used fresh, 

 serum to which £ per cent, of carbolic 

 acid has been added will preserve its 

 immunising power for many months. 



Drs, Danysz and Bordet recognised 

 the advantage of fortifying the re- 

 covered animals which were used for 

 the production of salted blood. They 

 say, "The production of the preventive 

 substances in the blood is the direct 

 result of a reaction of the organism 

 against the disease, hence, the more 

 serious the disease has been, the more 

 the influence exercised on the body 

 of the animal, and, consequently, the 

 protective qualities of its blOod will 

 be the stronger. Therefore, in order 

 to obtain a very powerfully active 

 curative blood, the recovered animal 

 received repeated injections of virulent 

 blood in increasing doses. The more 

 injections of virulent blood applied 

 under these conditions, the more active 

 will the blood of the animal become." 



The Serum Simultaneous Method of 

 Turner and Kolle.— This method is the 

 inoculating a small dose of virulent 

 blood on one side of the animal at the 

 same time that the dose of serum which 

 has been found to produce the required 

 effect was injected on the other side. 

 By this means it was claimed that 90 

 per cent, of the animals had a more 

 or less severe attack of the disease with 

 a loss of about li per cent-, while those 

 that did not react were still immune 

 for several months. 



The serum is prepared by inoculating 

 salted animals with 100 c.c. of virulent 

 blood. This gradually causes a rise of 

 temperature. When this reaction is 

 over the dose is increased to '^00, 500, 

 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000, c.c at one in- 

 jection, always waiting for the reac- 

 tion from the last inoculation to subside 

 before administering the succeeding one. 



After receiving 1,000 c.c. of virulent 

 blood, the animal is fit to bleed for 

 the production of serum. About 1,500 

 c.c. of blood from an animal of 300 lbs. 

 weight or 3,000 c.c, from an animal of 

 6C0 lbs. weight are taken on three occa- 

 sions at intervals of about twelve days, 

 and these three bleedings are repeated 

 between each of the succeeding injec- 

 tions of virulent blood. 



Before being used on a large scale it 

 is available to test the serum in order 



