Live Stock. 



the demand for rubber increases yearly, 

 that this tall price may be maintained 

 for some time, or be even exceeded. The 

 only danger is that the profit being so 

 huge and tempting, that the chemist 

 may step in with a synthetic rubber or 

 the inventor may come along with a 

 contrivance calculated to sound the 

 death-knell of the troublesome pneumatie 

 tyre. In either case the chemist or the 

 inventor would probably make a large 

 fortune at the expense of the natural 

 rubber industry which would run the 

 risk of being ousted from its position in 

 the commercial world. 



But an industry presumably in an im- 

 pregnable position may suffer a severe re- 

 verse without the intrusion of a rival sub- 

 stitute. Take jute as an instance. Once 

 upon a time all jute fabrics were manu- 

 factured in India by native labour. The 

 mills at Dundee and on the banks of the 

 Hooghly killed that trade, but their 

 turn was to come. For years Indian 

 mills supplied the Continent with all the 

 manufactured jute materials required. 

 This trade was so profitable that the 

 Continental people decided to pocket the 

 surplus themselves, and this they effected 

 by the simple process of admitting raw 

 jute free, to be manufactured in their 

 own mills, and taxing out of Continental 

 existence all jute fabrics whether from 

 Calcutta or Dundee. It is possible, we 

 say, for many things to happen before 

 the artificial silk manufacturers come 

 abreast of those in the opposing line of 

 business, but it may repay the thousands 

 engaged in the important Indian silk 

 industry to watch closely exactly what 

 is being done, bearing iu mind the fate 

 of indigo and camphor when the feeling 

 is abroad that synthetic products are 

 unable to compete successfully with the 

 output of nature's workshop, particularly 

 so when the price of the synthetic 

 arrieles (as in the case of artificial silk; is 

 only about half the price of the com- 

 modity with which it is competing. 



MILK. 



By A. Bruce, 

 Analy tical Ch emist. 

 (Paper read before the Board of Agricul- 

 ture, 7th June, 1910.) 



Milk is the first and last food human 

 beings partake of in this life. To the 

 babe and to the invalid, milk is the food 

 supplied. Easy of digestion even to the 

 weakest stomachs, and in itself a perfect 

 food, it is one of the most important 

 articles of diet for the weak and the 

 strong all through life, and which no 

 house- wife could do well without. 



Milk is the secretion of the mammary 

 glands and is common to all female 



[July, 191Q.] 



mammals when rearing their young and" 

 varies in percentage composition accord- 

 ing to the mammal. The table given 

 below shows the compositions of milk 

 produced by different mammals. 



It will be seen that the chief consti- 

 tuents are Water, Fat, Protein (Casein 

 and Albumen), Milk-Sugar and Mineral 

 Matter. The Fat is the most important, 

 economically, as the rnilk-proeruets butter 

 and cheese are" largely composed of it. 

 Thrflblour 4 arid" dpflfeity 1 ' of ' milk is due 

 mainly'to the minute globu'fes of fat 

 and partly to the mineral and nitro- 

 genous matter in a state of suspension. 

 The creaming is the rising of the fat 

 globules to the surface. 





Water. 



Casein. 



Albumin. 



Human .. 



. 87-41 



1 03 



1-26 



Cow 



. 87-17 



3 02 



0-53 



Ewe 



. 80-82 



4-97 



1-55 



Goat 



. 85 71 



3-20 



1-09 



Mare" 



. 90-78 



1-24 



. J 0-07 



Buffalo .. 



. "81-41 



5-85 " 



*' 0-25 



Cat 



. 8 1 '63' 



3-12 



5-96 



Camel 



. 86-57 



4-00 





Elephant 



67 85 



3-09 





Porpoise . , 



41-11 



11-19 







Ash. 



Milk-sugar. 



Fat. 



Human .. 



0-31 



6-21 



3-78 



Cow 



. 0-71 



4-88 



3-69 



Ewe 



. 0-89 



4-91 



6-86 



Goat 



. 0-76 



4-46 



4-7.8 



Mare 



. 0-35 



5-67 





Buffalo .. 



. 0-87 



4 15 



7-47 



Cat 



. 058 



4-9i ;. 





Camel 



. 077 





r» 



Elephant . , 



; 0-65 





"T9/57 



PorjSoisV'.: 



;'O i 57 1 1 



1-33 



45-80 



The chief variations .to be noted are 

 that Elephant and Porpoise milk are 

 more concentrated than the others and 

 contain larger percentages of Fat. 

 Human milk contains more sugar and 

 less mineral matter. Cow and buffalo 

 milk, which we are most interested in, 

 refer to home analyses, and are merely 

 given there for comparative reasons. 



From an agricultural point of view 

 the milk from the cow is the most im- 

 portant, and in this country the buffalo 

 plays a large part in supplying - the 

 consumers, In all countries, especially 

 in the cities, the variation of the quality 

 has been a vexed question, and : many 

 commissions of different nations have 

 sat to discuss the thousands of analyses 

 made, and the consensus of opinion is 

 that the quality is fairly constant for 

 the individual under ordinary conditions, 

 and that a herd of cattle will pro- 

 duce milk of still more constant quality. 

 These findings have induced different 

 countries to set standards of quality 

 for the vendors to supply to the con- 

 sumers, 



