September, 1908.] 



207 



Miscellaneous. 



Les procedes de travail du caou- 

 tchouc * d'Hevea k cultive. Journ. 

 d'Agr. Trop., Aug. 1905, p. 239. 



Uitkomsten van de io 1905 verrichte 

 Af tappingsproeveu met Hevea bra- 

 siliensis in den cultuurtuin te 

 Tjikemeuh verkregen. Korte Ber. 

 Bzg. 1906, 17. 



Experiments in Tapping (Singapore). 

 " T.A." Sept., 1907, p. 166. 



Experiments in tapping at Henarat- 

 goda. Do. p. 169. 



Rubber tapping on Kepitigala Estate 



Ind. World, Jan., 1906, p. 107. 

 Saignee et observation des Heveas au 



Jardin d'esais de Tjikeumeuh. 



Journ. d'Agr. Trop. Jan., 1906, p. 9. 

 Rubber tapping demonstration at 



Heuaratgoda. "T.A-" Dec 1900, 



p. 460. 



Het aftappen der Para-boomen. Ind, 

 Merc, Dec 1906, p. fcaJ. 



Second annual report on the experi- 

 mental tapping of Para rubber 

 trees in the Botanic Gardens, 

 Singapore. Str. Bull. V., p. 439. 



The spiral system of rubber tapping. 

 ''T.A." Nov., 1905, p. 641. 



The quality of eastern plantation 

 Rubber. "T.A." July, 1907, p. 4. 



Willis: The tapping of rubber. 

 "TA." Aug., 1907, p. 94. 



Rubber tapping. Do. Nov. 1907, p* 

 313. 



The frequent tapping of rubber trees- 

 Do. Oct. 1907, p. 243. 

 Rubber tapping, &c. Do. 244. 

 Distribution of the proteid in Para 



rubber. Spence. L'pool Univ. J. 



C. R. 1907,-and 1908. 

 Tapping patterns — the chain gamma. 



Str. Bull. 1907, p. 387. 

 Para rubber" from Mergui, Burma. 



Bull. Imp. Inst. 4, 1907 p. 371. 

 Tapping experiments on Rambong 



and Para. Str. Bull. 6. 1908, p. 133. 

 Observations sur la saignee de 



l'Hevea. Journ. d'Ar- Trorj., April, 



1908, p. 100. 



Para naturel et Para de plantation : 

 opinion d'un manufactureur. Journ 

 dAgr. Trop. Feb., 1908, p. 33. 



Petch : The second annual report on 

 the experimental tapping of Para 

 rubber trees in the Botanic Gar- 

 dens, Singapore. " T.A." Dec, 1907, 

 p. 391. 



Base tapping of rubber trees. "T.A." 



Supp.,< Dec.,11907, Pvl24. 

 Para" rubber); from Mergui. "T.A." 



June, 1908, p, 516. 



CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN 

 INDIA. 



The co-operative movement in India is 

 the subject of an enthusiastic article in 

 the Economic Review (Rivingtons), con- 

 tributed by Mr. Henry W. Wolff, who is a 

 recognised authority on the question. 

 Mr. Wolff is critical as well as eulogistic, 

 but he closes his paper with the predic- 

 tion that "with well-regulated pro- 

 gress the co-operative banking intro- 

 duced during Lord Curzon's viceroyalty 

 appears destined to be remembered, 

 rightly, as one of the greatest among 

 many blessings that British rule has 

 conferred upon India." He does not, 

 however, overlook the fact that this 

 particular blessing has been rendered 

 necessary, to a large extent, in order to 

 counteract a grave wrong which British 

 rule, unintentionally no doubt, inflicted 

 upon the cultivators by insisting upon 

 the payment of Government rent in 

 money instead of in kind. The result 

 has been that the ryot is worse off when 

 his crops are most plentiful, and prices 

 consequently low, than is when his 

 crops are a comparative failure ; and the 

 good seasons which ought to have lifted 

 him out of debt have only plunged him 

 deeper in the bog. Indebtedness is now 

 his normal condition. Hence some means 

 of rescuing him from this miserable and 

 helpless plight became one of the crying 

 needs of the situation, and the Govern- 

 ment did nothing more than recognise 

 their own responsibility for the im- 

 poverished state of the ryot when they 

 entered upon a series of experiments for 

 his deliverance. The grant of takavi 

 loans was one effort in this direction, but 

 the Government cannot afford to finance 

 all the cultivators of India ; and, even if 

 they were able to do so, the takavi 

 system does not teach self-help and is not 

 calculated to help the ryot to stand on 

 his own feet. Mr. Wolff calls it a " spoon- 

 feeding practice," in which there is no 

 training to business habits. After many 

 sporadic attempts to find a self -maintain- 

 ing system of rural banking, the Govern- 

 ment in 1904 passed the Co-operative 

 Credit Societies ' Act, which was intended 

 to render possible in India the applica- 

 tion of the principles of co-operation 

 which Schulze Delitzsch and Reffeisen 

 had successfully put into practice in 

 Germany. There was good reason to 

 hope that the Indian peasant would take 

 kindly to co-operative institutions, for 

 in his struggle with the money-lender he 

 had already evolved nklhis and akharas, 

 which are co-operative societies of a 

 somewhat crude type. This expectation 

 has been fulfilled in a very gratifying 

 way during the few years in which the 



