Miscellaneous. 



The Coconut. Queensl. Agr. Jl. f 



Nov. 1908, p. 239. 

 Coconuts and coconut produce. Trin. 



Bull. Oct. 1908, p. 40. 

 The Cultn. of the coconut, Trop. 



Life, V. 1. Jan. 1909, p. 4. 

 Coconuts in the dry zone of Ceylon, 



J. C. Willis, " T.A." Jan. 1909, p 26. 

 The coconut palm ; its relation of 



weather to crops. J, D. Van- 



derstraaten. "T.A." Jan. 1900, 



p. 27. 



Coconut diseases. Des Tropenflanzer. 



March 1909, p. 114. 

 The coconut palm. With reference 



to the export of* its products. 



" T.A." Feb. 1909, p. 123. 

 Coconut planting and cultivation. 



P. G. Schrader. "T.A." Feb. 1909, 



p, 125, 



Coconut planting at Antigua. Agr. 



News, VIII, p. 84, Mar. 1909. 

 Coconut culture. Queensl. Agr. 5h 



XXII, p. 196, April 1909. 

 Biidragen tot de Kennis van der 



Kokospalm. Bull. Kol. te Haarlem 



No. 41, April 1909, 160. pp. 

 Coconuts in Laguna and Tayabas 



provinces. Phil. Agr. Rev., Dec. 



1908, "T.A." May 1904, p. 422. 

 Cocos nucifera. Agr. Journal of 



Brit. East Africa, I. 3., Oct. 1908, 

 p. 225. 



Brassolis Isthmia : A coconut pest in 

 Panama. Phil. Agr. Rev. April 



1909, p. 188. "T.A." Suppl. July 

 1909, p. 76. 



The coconut stem disease. "T.A." 



Suppl. July 1909, p. 73. 

 Les maladies du Cocotier et leur 



traitement Journ d'Agr. Trop. 



June 1909, p. 169. 



Coconut : Coir.— 

 Indian coir industry. Ind. Agric. Aug. 

 1907, p. 244. " T.A," Oct. 1907, p. 261. 



Coconut : Copra Oil.— 



Walker. Keeping qualities and 



causes of rancidity in coconut oil. 



Phil. Jl. Sci. 1. 1906, p. 117. "T.A." 



June 1906, p. 369. 

 Classification of coconut oil in 



America. "T.A." Feb. 1906, p. 24. 

 The keeping qualities of coconut oil. 



"T.A." July 1907, p. 14. 



Purification of coconut oil. Phil. Jl. 

 Sci. III. 45 1908., "T.A." Aug. 1908, 

 p. 119. 



Coconut oil in the States. Trop. 

 Life, June 1908. "T.A." Oct. 1908, 

 p. 334. 



3 [September, 1909. 



Notes on the sprouting coconut, on 

 copra, and on coconut oil. Phil, 

 Jl. Sci. abstracted by J. C. Willis. 

 "T.A." do. p. 417. 



The copra industry. Str. Bull. Jan. 

 1909, p. 2. 



The copra industry, do. "T.A." 



March 1909, p. 221. 

 Recent researches regarding the 



germination of the coconut and the 



deterioration of its products. C. 



Drieberg, "T.A." Jan. 1909, p. 10. 



Coconut : Desiccated. — 



Desicated coconut manufacture in 

 Ceylon and New South Wales. 

 " T.A." Suppl, Oct. 1908, p. 385. 



NOTES AND QUERIES, 



By C. Drieberg. 



G. A. — There are two methods of ex- 

 tracting oil from seeds of castor, sun- 

 flower, &c. :— 



Cold drawn Method.— The seeds are 

 broken between rollers, set so that the 

 outer hard covering is ci'acked off. Tne 

 whitish kernels are then separated, 

 placed in hempen bags, and submitted 

 to heavy pressure in powerful screw or 

 hydraulic presses. The oil which runs 

 out is then boiled with water to separate 

 the mucilage and albumen. The clear 

 oil is finally drawn off, strained through 

 flannel and put into tins, barrels, hogs- 

 heads or dubbers for exportation. A 

 dubber is a globular leather vessel or 

 bottle used by the natives of India to 

 hold oils and such like. 



Expression by Heat — The seeds are 

 first scorched in an earthernware pan 

 over the fire and then pounded in a 

 mortar ; the husks are sometimes re- 

 moved and sometimes left, but their 

 separation produces a better oil. The 

 broken seeds are then tied in a linen bag 

 and boiled with water in a large pot, and 

 the oil is skimmed off as it rises to the 

 surface. 



T. M. (Fiji).— Ghee or Ghi is clarified 

 butter. That is to say, the butter is heat- 

 ed for about twelve hours or until the 

 greater part of its moisture is evapor- 

 ated. An oil is at the same time formed 

 that rises to the surface, and the refuse 

 (mostly casein) forms below as a sedi- 

 ment, Too much heating is said, how- 

 ever, to cause the ghi to assume an 

 acid taste, while imperfect heating 

 renders it liable to putrefaction. Great 

 skill is thus required, but the ghi sold 



