Gums, Resins, 



210 



[March, 1909, 



the tree by transplantation, but with- 

 out success. In other places, in order- 

 to obtain leaves to produce camphor, 

 the so-called "coppice-planting" is 

 practised, and it will be of advantage 

 to this industry. 



Chemical Properties of Camphor. 

 Every part of a camphor tree contains 

 camphor, which is obtained by dis- 

 tillation. Camphor is a white semi- 

 transparent amorphous substance with 

 a specific gravity of 0-987, and with 

 a peculiar smell. When it is tasted it 

 gives a sharp flavour, turning into a 

 cool one. When plunged into water 

 it forms circles, and when lighted it 

 burns, floating on water. It is almost 

 insolub.e in water, but readily dis- 

 solves in alcohol, ether, acetone, 

 chloroform, acid, and volatile oil. 



Camphor is found as crystals in the 

 tissue of the wood, and by double distil- 

 lation is separated from the crude oil, 

 the product of the first distillation. It 

 is an oxidized product of camphor- 

 genotol, which forms the principal of the 

 camphor oils of commerce. 



Crude Camphor. — This substance is 

 obtained as crystals by the distillation 

 of camphor chips or camphor leaves in 

 the presence of water vapour. It is 

 separated as such after sufficient distil- 

 lation, and subsequent liberation of 

 water and oil- It is a dark-coloured sub- 

 stance, and fuses at 170" C. 



Crude Camphor Oil.— This substance 

 is obtained as a liquid in the separation 

 of camphor, with which it comes out 

 simultaneously. Camphor and other by- 

 products are afterwards separated fiom 

 this substance. 



White Oil.— This is a white oil with 

 a specific gravity of 88 at 15° C, 

 obtained by sublimating crude camphor 

 oil. It distills below 188° O, and is used 

 in soap-making, &c. 



Red Oil.— This substance, like white 

 oil, is obtained from crude camphor oil. 

 It has a specific gravity of P020 at 15° 

 C, and fuses at 170° C. 



Black Oil. — This substance also is 

 obtained from crude camphor oil. It is 

 a black liquid, having a specific gravity 

 of 1*007 at 15° C; it is extensively used in 

 varnishing substances. 



Turpentine.— Like varnish, this sub- 

 stance is obtained from white oil and is 

 extensively used for medical and indus- 

 trial purposes. 



Suffrol.— This is a colourless trans- 

 parent substance obtained from red oil. 

 It has a specific gravity of P108 at 15° C. 



It fuses at 225° C. It is extensively used 

 in making perfumery and soap. 



Disinfector — This substance was dis- 

 covered by Dr. Shimoyama Junichiro 

 in 1901. It is obtained by the partial 

 distillation of red oil with which a few 

 other ingredients have been mixed. It 

 is a brownish, heavy liquid, having a 

 specific gravity of P032 at 15° C, with 

 very strong antiseptic properties. A 

 solution of one part in 100 of water easily 

 kills the cholera bacillus and the plague 

 bacillus. The price in Kobe is 0-35 yen 

 per lb,* 



Insector.— This substance was also 

 discovered by Dr. Shimoyama Junichiro, 

 and is obtained by a process similar to 

 that used in obtaining "disinfector." It 

 has a specific gravity of 0'987 at 15° C; 

 mixed with water it presents a milky 

 white appearance, and is strongly anti- 

 septic. A solution in 100 parts of water 

 is efficient in killing insects injurious 

 to various farm crops. The price in 

 Kobe is 0*25 yen per lb. 



Refined Granular Camphor.— This 

 is a product of sublimation of crude 

 camphor. It fuses at 174° C. The price 

 in Tokyo is 0'85 yen per lb. 



Refined Camphor.— This substance 

 is the refined product of ordinary crude 

 granular camphor by sublimation and 

 subsequent compression. It fuses at 

 175° C, and costs TOO yen per lb. in 

 Tokyo. 



Refined Camphor Tablets.— (" Fuji- 

 sawa Camphor"). — This form is obtained 

 by the distillation of crude camphor 

 under suitable pressure. The price in 

 Tokyo is T70 yen per lb. 



By the provisions of the Law of the 

 thirty-sixth year of Meiji (1903) the sale 

 of camphor produced in Japan is mono- 

 polized by the Government, by means 

 of restricting the sale of crude cam- 

 phor and camphor oil. 



The annual production of camphor in 

 Japan is 6,000,0001b., and is exported in 

 great quantities ; 1,500,000 lb. is pro- 

 duced in the Main Island, Kyushu, and 

 Shikoku. and the remaining 4,500,000 

 lb. in Formosa.— Tropical Life, Vol. IV., 

 No- 12, December, 1908. 



LAC IN THE EASTERN DUN, U. P. 



By G. N. Graham Young. 



The life history of the insect is now 

 well known, but there are some facts I 

 would place on record gleaned from in- 

 vestigations made personally in the 

 Eastern Dun, 



* One Yen = 2s. 0^<J. 



