Miscellaneous. 



342 



[Oct. 190H. 



hermaphrodite or bisexual flower (these sex terms, as will be evident from what 

 has been said above, ought not. strictly, to be applied here, but they are firmly 

 established in botanical literature), or they may be in separate unisexual flowers, 

 the stamens in male, the carpels in female, flowers. In bisexual flowers the carpels 

 are in the centre, the stamens around them. 



As the construction of the flower is the most important feature upon which 

 the classification of plants rests, it will be necessary to give here a few at least of 

 the most important technical terms in use, and we shall give them after each section. 



Flowers may be bisexual, or unisexual (male and female). Plants with male and female flowers 

 on the same plant, monoecious, on different plants dioecious. 



Reduction in number of the Sporophylls, and their arrangement in Whorls 

 are two very widely spread features of existing flowers. Many of the lower types 

 of flower, for instance the buttercup, have their leaves not in definite whorls, and 

 have a large number of stamens and carpels, but in most flowers this is not 

 the case, and as we go up in the series of plants, the number of stamens and 

 carpels, more especially the latter, tends to decrease. 



Flowers with 2, 3, 4, 5, members in each whorl, di- tri- tetra- penta- merous. If the number is 

 over ten, andv variable, it is indefinite. Members of one whorl are usually alternate to those of the next, 

 i.e , occupying the gaps between them, but may be opposite to them. 



Cohesion, or union of similar organs, is very common. It is most usual in the 

 carpels, very common in sepals, less so in petals, rare in the stamens. 



Perianth, calyx, corolla, stamens, carpels, of organs quite free from one another, polyphyllous, 

 polysepalous, polypctalous, polyandrous, apocarpous ; of coherent or united organs gamophyllous, 

 gamoscpalous, gamo- or sym- petalous, monadclphous (if all the stamens united ; see below 

 under stamens) syncarpous. The united portion is termed the tube, the free parts the limb, divided into 

 lobes, teeth, or segments. 



Adhe.non, or union of dissimilar organs, is also very common. The most 

 usual case is for the stamens to be united to the petals. 



Stamens united to the perianth, calyx, corolla, epiphyllous, cpisepalous epipetalous ; carpels and 

 stamens united, gynandrous. 



(To be continued.) 



Literature of Economic Botany and Agriculture, IX. 



By J. C. Willis. 



Cotton: General.— Cotton grooving in the British Empire. Emmott in " T.A.," June 

 1904, p. 802. 



Cotton Improvement. Ind. Agr., June 1904, p. 180. 



The growing of long-staple Upland cottons. Webber in Yearbook U. S. 



Dpt. Agr., 1903. 

 Consumption of Cotton in the United States. Do. p. 463. 

 Review of the introduction of the Cotton industry into the Netherlands 



Indies. Van Tromp de Haas. Str. Bull., June 1904, p. 195. 

 Caravonica Cotton. " T.A-," 1904, pp. 151, 210. 



The structure and properties of mercerised Cotton. Imp. Inst. Bull., 1904, 

 p. 195. 



Cotton growing in India. (B, C. G. A. Memorial), Ind. PI. and Gard., Oct. 

 1904, p. 751. 



The Cotton Plant and its products. Ind. Agr., Nov. 1904, p. 341. 

 Deutsch-Koloniale Baumwollunternehmungen. Beih. z. TropenpfL, IV. 

 1903, Nos. 2, 4. 



Die wirthschaftliehe Bedeutung des Baumwolls auf der Weltmarkte. Beih. 

 z, Tropenpfl., V. 1904, Nos. 5, 6. 



