July, 1911.] 



1:7 



Live Stock. 



doses of virus do not give a correspond- 

 ing reaction, but tend to be destroyed 

 rather than absorbed. They maintain 

 that the serum animals may be used 

 for the production of serum indefinite- 

 ly without any reduction in the 

 potency of the serum produced. After 

 being placed in stocks the animals are 

 bled from the jugular vein by means 

 of a trocar and canula, the blood being 

 received into a cylindrical glass jar 

 about 10 or 12 centimeters in height and 

 of a capacity of about 400 cubic centi- 

 meters. After the blood is drawn these 

 jars are covered by means of glass 

 plates. They claim that a much better 

 separation of bovine serum is obtained 

 by the use of this type of jar than with 

 all cylindrical ones of a smaller diameter. 

 After the separation of the serum from 

 the solid parts of the blood, it is drawn 

 from the jars by means of a pipette, and 

 without filtration is sealed for delivery 

 in brown glass bottles of 10 cubic centi- 

 meters capacity. It is said that abcess 

 formatiom seldom follows the injection 

 of this unfiltered serum. 



They think that the strength of the 

 individual has much to do with the 

 efficiency of the serum produced, and 

 on this account they use only strong 

 robust bulls as serum animals, Those 

 which give a medium reaction to the 

 inoculation of virulent blood are con- 

 sidered better for the production of 

 serum than those which experienced a 

 very strong or very weak reaction, as 

 those giving a very strong reaction are 

 believed to be weak individuals. Before 

 a serum animal is put into constant use 

 as such his serum is tested on a calf and 

 must protect the calf in doses of 110 

 cubic centimeters per 100 kilos against 

 the simultaneous inoculation of virulent 

 blood. 



Veterinary Instruction- 

 Besides maintaining quarantine sta- 

 tions and slaughter-houses and labora- 

 tories for the preparation of sera and 

 vaccines, the Japanese Government has 

 gone still further and has established a 

 veterinary course to prepare men for 

 recommending and carrying out the 

 sanitary principles for the preservation 

 of live stock. The course is given in the 

 Imperial University at Tokyo, and for 

 entrance the completion of a course in 

 one of the " higher schools " is required. 

 The period of instruction covers three 

 years of ten months each, and includes 

 the principal subjects pertaining to 

 veterinary and sanitary science. 1 



The main building used by this course 

 is occupied by class rooms, laboratories, 

 and museums. The museums are especi- 



ally well equipped, containing numerous 

 specimens and models. The anatomical 

 section contains skeletons of all domes- 

 tic animals, models of the organs of 

 special sense and viscera, and paper 

 models of the head and limbs, showing 

 the relative positions of muscles, nerves, 

 bursae ligaments, and blood vessels. 

 These models have been prepared by 

 the professor of anatomy by means of 

 plaster of Paris casts of dissected speci- 

 mens, and are as natural and accurate 

 as models could be made. In relation to 

 horse-shoeing, there are specimens and 

 drawings illustrating the positions occu- 

 pied by the bones in various attitudes 

 of the horse. Horse-shoes from various 

 parts of the world are exhibited as well 

 as shoes for correcting all abnormalities. 

 Another section contains animal food- 

 stuffs, both foreign and Japanese, and 

 specimens of nearly all the medicinal 

 plants. Models of horse stables and 

 dairy barns, as well as models of the 

 different breeds of stock are used for 

 instruction in animal industry. Besides 

 the models and specimens already 

 mentioned; the museum contains a large 

 supply of pathological specimens which 

 have been collected by the faculty. 



At the rear of the main structure are 

 three buildings used for hospital pur- 

 poses. One of these provides stable 

 room for about twenty large animals. 

 Another is used as a small animal house, 

 and contains accommodations for about 

 forty cats or dogs. Both of these build- 

 ings contain consultation and operating 

 rooms, and are fully equipped with in- 

 struments and apparatus for clinical 

 work. Horses are shod and clipped at 

 the hospital, the owners being required 

 to pay a small sum for the expense 

 incurred. 



As a whole the veterinary course 

 seems to be very thorough and up-to- 

 date in every way, and compares very 

 favourably with the courses given at 

 the veterinary colleges in the United 

 States. 



Conclusion. 

 The Japanese have shown a clear 

 understanding of the importance of 

 animal diseases by the establishment 

 of suitable quarantine stations and 

 abattoirs, and of excellent veterinary 

 colleges and laboratories for the study 

 of subjects pertaining to veterinary 

 work and the education of men to pro- 

 tect their live-stock interest. The 

 enactment of wise legislative measures 

 again demonstrates their realization of 

 the importance of live-stock protection 

 as well as a confidence in the men who 

 are making a life study of this work^ 



