not, subsequently, to siuk below it again ^Paris, Vienna, Hungary, 

 the Mayence basin, we might add Switzerland). Wj have seen 

 how the Alps were upheaved in the Miocene epoch. The Faroe 

 islands and Iceland were, at all events, built up of basalts and 

 lavas, in a material degree, at the same period; perhaps even 

 the submarine bank which connects Europe with Greenland 

 was upheaved during the last part of the Miocene epoch or at 

 the beginning of the Pliocene. In the Mediterranean the beach- 

 lines, according to Neumayr (vide Suess Antl. d. Erde. I, p. 425) 

 lay even lower at the beginning of the Pliocene epoch than in 

 modern times. Without doubt all these risings must have had 

 a great influence on the climate. The changes in the length of 

 the sidereal day are dependent on the changes in the eccentri- 

 city. Geographical changes follow from the increase in the length 

 of the day. And climate changes with the geographical con- 

 ditions. 



Coralline Crag in England has (cfr. Prestwicii) only a thick- 

 ness of 25 m. and cannot have many alternations. After that 

 stage was formed, the land was upheaved, but thereupon was 

 again partially lowered under the surface of the sea. During 

 this lowering the Eed Crag with Chillesford clay was deposited. 

 Ledges were cut along the sea margin in the Coralline Crag, 

 two above each other, and the beds of the new stage, partly, 

 lie on the old shore-platforms. Red Crag is less thick than Co- 

 ralline Crag and cannot contain many alternations. 



In Belgium, also, we have two Pliocene stages that corre- 

 spond to England's two crag-stages: the Anversian and the 

 Scaldisian showing two oscillations. 



To those two oscillations of the North Sea correspond two 

 contemporary ones of the Mediterranean. Suess calls them the 

 third and fourth Mediterranean stages. And already in the 

 oldest division of the Pliocene epoch, the fauna of the Mediterra- 

 nean indicates the existence of a somewhat colder climate (Suess 

 Antl d. Erde, I, p. 431). 



Italy has thick Pliocene formations. Seguema describes beds 

 from that epoch 5—600 m. in thickness. I have been unable to 



