1889.] THE DISPLACEMENT OF B EACH-LINE S . 9 



Alps, shown that the folds in the Alps are produced by lateral 

 forces, and that such a lateral force is capable of upheaving 

 great mountain ranges into the air. But Suess goes still fur- 

 ther; as in a Memoir „0ber die vermeintlichen sacularen Schwank- 

 ungen einzelrar Theile der Erdoberflache" (Verh. d. K. K. Geol. 

 Reichsanst. Wien 1880 p. 171 if.) he even denies the existence 

 of any upheaval produced by internal perpendicularly acting 

 forces; neither mountain nor continent has been upheaved in 

 that manner. He says (1. c. p. 180): „Es giebt keinerlei ver- 

 tical Bewegungen des Festen mit Ausnahme jener, welche un- 

 mittelbar aus der Faltenbildung hervorgehen. Wir werden uns 

 entschliessen miissen die Doctrin von den sacularen Schwank- 

 ungen der Continente zu verlassen." 



A. de Lapparent sharply criticizes Sims' doctrine in regard 

 to „Horste u (Bull, de la Soc. Geol. de France ser. Ill tome XV 

 p. 215 if.) but yet agrees with him in the belief that the cooling 

 of the Globe has produced large folds in its crust, and he denies 

 every upheaval not produced as a result of folding. He says, 

 for instance (1. p. c. 217): „I1 ne s'agit pas d'avantage d'op- 

 poser a la doctrine des soulevements absolus, produits par des 

 forces qui agiraient directement de bas en haut, une protestation 

 devenue sans objet car les partisans des impulsions verticales 

 sont, de nos jours plus que clairsemes et, en dehors de quelques 

 rares attardes, personne n' oserait encore attribuer a une telle 

 action une part serieuse dans la formation des montagnes." And 

 he makes no reservation, so that it must be assumed that neither 

 does he acknowledge forces, acting from beneath to elevate 

 entire stretches of land. 



It appears that an essential ground for Suess to deny forces 

 acting vertically from below, lies only in the fact that he is 

 entirely unacquainted with any such force that could possibly 

 produce such an upheaval (vide „Antlitz der Erde" Prague and 

 Leipzig 1885. I p. 741). 



Huttwi's and v. Buck's doctrine of the action of such forces 

 appears therefore to be rejected by modern geologists. But yet 

 there remain a few who still maintain related opinions. /. G. 



