THE LONG-HORNED WOOD-BORING BEETLES. 



1009 



with brushes of hair, third joint emarginate or bilobed, fourth 

 small, rounded, united with the fifth ; claws simple, rarely cleft. 



The larva? or grubs of the Longicornes are white or yellowish 

 borers, with body tapering slightly from head to tail and possessing 

 powerful jaws which enable them to penetrate the solid or heart 

 wood of trees or shrubs. Only a few of them live in the sap wood, 

 but on dead or dying trees or in stumps they occur beneath the bark 

 and wood, often in such numbers as to completely detach the bark. 

 They are more or less cylindrical, the joints well marked, the tho- 

 racic joints enlarged. They resemble the grubs of the Buprestids, 

 but are not flattened, hence are called ' ' round-headed borers. ' ' The 

 larval state usually lasts two or three years and the pupal stage is 

 passed within the burrow made by the grub ; usually within a small 

 cavity partitioned off by a plug of chips or within a crude cell 

 formed of minute gnawed fragments of wood. 



The literature treating of the North American species of the 

 family is extensive and widely scattered. The principal papers 

 treating of the family as a whole are herewith mentioned. Others 

 dealing with isolated tribes or genera will be mentioned in their 

 proper sequence. 



Haldeman, S. S. — "Materials towards a History of the Coleop- 



tera Longicornia of the United States," in Trans. Amer. 



Phil. Bog., X, 1845. 27-66. Corrections and additions to same 



in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., IV, 1817, 371-376. 

 LeConte. — "An Attempt to Classify the Longicorn Coleoptera 



of America North of Mexico," in Joarn. Phil. Acad. Nat. 



Sci., I, 1850, 311-310; II, 1851, 5-38; 1852, 99-112, 139-178. 

 Leng, C. W. — "Synopses of Cerambycida?, " in Bull. Brook. Ent. 



Soc, VII, 1884-85, and Entom. Amer., I, II, III and VI, 



1885-1890. 



Wickham, H. F. — "The Cerambycida* of Ontario and Quebec," 

 in Can. Ent., XXIX, 1897; XXX, 1898. 



Nearly 13,000 species of Cerambycida? are known, about 620 of 

 which are from the United States. The family is divided into three 

 subfamilies, separated by characters pertaining to the thorax, palpi 

 and front tibia?. The thorax may be one of two types, viz., (a) 

 "margined," when it is flattened with the edges sharp and thin for 

 almost the whole length, at the same time being usually toothed ; or 

 ( b) "not margined, " when it is cylindrical or rounded on the sides, 

 which may be spined, tuberculate or plain. The palpi may (a) 

 have the terminal joint more or less compressed and sub triangular, 



