THE AZORES 



385 



curved around a mealy albumen. In another cover in the herbarium 

 were specimens of quite another plant, labelled Tetragonia expansa, 

 from the Azores, the island not being named. I find no reference 

 to any of these plants in the pages of either Watson or Trelease. 



Another Azorean shore plant is Solidago sempervirens, an American 

 littoral species, which, as we learn from Seubert, extends inland to 

 a height of 1000 feet above the sea. Campanula vidalii, which is 

 peculiar to the Azores and occurs principally on the sea-cliffs and 

 coast rocks of Flores, is specially discussed in the notes on Azoreart 

 plants at the end of Chapter XIX. 



Summary 



1. During his two sojourns in this group the writer was principally 

 engaged in investigating the altitudinal ranges of the indigenous 

 plants; and with this object the vegetation of the great cone of 

 Pico, by far the loftiest mountain in the archipelago, was especially 

 studied. His ascents, and the best methods to be followed in examin- 

 ing the higher slopes of the mountain, are first described (pp. 359-61). 



2. A sketch of the history of the botanical investigation of the 

 Azores is next given. This exploration, which commenced with a 

 small collection of dried plants made on Fayal in 1775 by George 

 Forster, one of Cook's naturalists, and with collections of living 

 plants made for Kew Gardens by Masson a year or two later, has 

 since been carried out by a number of botanists and naturalists of 

 various nationalities — American, English, French, German, Portuguese, 

 and Swiss. We may mention here Guthnick and the Hochstetters 

 in 1838; Watson in 1842; Carew Hunt during 1844-8; Drouet 

 (zoologist), Morelet (zoologist), and Hartung (geologist), all in 1857 

 Godman (zoologist) in 1865; Brown in 1894; Trelease in 1894 and: 

 1896 ; and last, but by no means least, resident Portuguese botanists,, 

 such as Carreiro, Machado, and Sampaio. The works that form 

 landmarks in the investigation of the flora are those of Seubert 

 (1844), Drouet (1866), Watson (1870), and Trelease (1897) (pp. 361-4). 



3. Before dealing specially with the vegetation of Pico, allusion 

 is made to the heights of the islands of the Azores (p. 364). This leads 

 one to compare the conditions for forest growth in this group with 

 those in the Canaries and in Madeira, a comparison that supplies 

 an opportunity of forecasting the correlation of the three floras, 

 and leads us to look for in the Azores only the evergreen shrubs and 

 trees of the Canarian Laurel woods (p. 365). 



4. The general profile of the great mountain of Pico is then described 

 (p. 366); and in this connection the bluffs of the Ribiera Grande 

 are mentioned as presenting one of its principal spectacular features 

 (p. 366). 



5. After disposing of the not uncommon error that the higher 

 slopes of the cone are barren, the author deals with the extent of 

 the vegetation on the mountain. The lower slopes are generally 

 well vegetated up to 4500 or 5000 feet, moor and grass land pre- 

 dominating in their higher levels between 2000 and 4000 feet. But 

 woods are well developed in places, the lower woods on the western 



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