295 



healthy growth; therefore wiring is ne- 

 cessary for some years, and stronger 

 supports to the wires than are usual. In 

 many places there is iron fencing not in 

 good use, which might be placed round 

 the plantation, and with that as an aid 

 wiring may be effective in all weathers 

 and seasons. In a tree of such classic 

 beauty and associations it is well to take 

 a little more care than we bestow upon 

 common forest trees. Plant Cedars of 

 such small size in lines 8 feet apart and 

 the trees in each line about 8 feet apart, 

 with Larch or some other free-grow- 

 ing tree between ; that is to say, a 

 line of Larch between each line 

 of Cedars both ways. This does 

 not mean that they would be so 

 crowded eventually. It is bene- 

 ficial to the young trees that the 

 ground should be well shaded as 

 soon as it may be, and as the trees 

 grew up the Larch or other trees 

 would be cut away and the Cedars 

 themselves, if too thick, would be 

 eventually thinned. Closeplanting 

 and a cool canopy over-head does 

 not imply that each tree should 

 not have sufficient room to de- 

 velop its true forest size and dignity — 

 and the Cedar is a big tree. 



References. — Loudon's Arboretum, vol. 4, p. 2402 ; 

 also cuts (poor) in vol. 8, Garden, June 1895, p. 443 — An 

 Account of Cedar Forests in Algeria. Woods and Forest, 

 1884, p. 667. Mouillefert, Principales Essences Forestieres, 

 p. 356 ; Mathieu, Flore Forestiere, p. 563. Evelyn's Silva 

 (Hunter's), vol. 2, p. 5. Koch's Dendrology, vol. 2, part 2, 

 p. 265. Selby, British Forest Trees, p. 520. Veitch's 

 Manual, p. 415. 



Synonyms. — The Cedar of Lebanon is Cedrus Libani of 

 Loudon ; Cedrus patula of Koch ; Abies Cedrus of Poiret ; 

 Larix Cedrus of Miller ; Pinus Cedrus of Linnaeus ; C.L. var. 

 atlantica of Manetti ; and var. brevifolia of Hooker. 



POLLARDED TREES. 



Among the most characteristic objects in our 

 river valleys, such as that of the Thames, and 

 in our well-watered pasture land, such as the 



district which lies between the Mendip and 

 Quantock Hills, are the rows of round-headed 

 Willows which fringe the banks of almost 

 every watercourse. These pollards begin their 

 life as a simple row of stakes, originally, per- 

 haps, the upright posts of a fence; but the 

 Willow has such vitality that the stakes take 

 root and in a few years form trees. The stake, 

 sawn off straight at the top, usually sends out 

 a crown of shoots, and thus starts at once in 

 its ultimate form, but should young trees or 

 untrimmed boughs be planted, they are sawn 

 off when they have reached the desired height 

 of stem. There are various reasons for this 

 treatment of the Willow, which in its natural 

 form is a beautiful tree. The principal one, 

 no doubt, is that old Willow timber has very 



little value, whereas the young boughs which 

 spring from the polled trunk are useful in any 

 state of their development. When young they 

 can be used for basket and wickerWork, though 

 in the districts where the many kinds of Wil- 

 low are cultivated for that purpose they are 

 grown in beds and the stem cut close to the 

 ground. When older they are much used for 

 rough post and rail fencing, and for various 

 other kinds of farm work. While they thus 

 supply useful wood and with their massof roots 

 strengthen the banks of watercourses, they are 

 not so injurious to the grass around them as 

 larger and more spreading and heavy-leaved 

 trees would be. A thickly-planted row, when 

 the heads are allowed to grow large, forms also 



