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Actions evincing the same mental attributes are also noticed in 

 wild animals, which have been tamed. You will reply, that these 

 qualities have been developed by human education ; but not so, 

 there must have been a latent capacity in the brain to receive the 

 education, and to manifest the results by the modification of the 

 habits. Now it is because we are vertebrates, and the animals of 

 which I have spoken are vertebrates, that we understand, though 

 imperfectly, their mental processes, and can develop the powers 

 that are otherwise latent. Could we comprehend them more fully 

 we would find, and we do find from time to time in the progress of 

 our inquiries, that what was classed with instinct is really intel- 

 lection. 



When we attempt to observe animals belonging to another sub- 

 kingdom, Articulata, for instance, such as bees, ants, termites, 

 etc., which are built upon a totally different plan of structure, 

 having no organ in common with ourselves, the difficulty of inter- 

 preting their intellectual processes, if they perform any, is still 

 greater. The purposes of their actions we can only, divine by 

 their results. But anything more exact than their knowledge of 

 the objects within their scope, more ingenious than their methods 

 for using those objects, more complex, yet well devised than their 

 social and political systems, it is impossible to conceive. 



We are not warranted in assuming that these actions are in- 



Instead of concealing our igiiurana- uudi-r a word which thus used, 

 comes to mean nothing, let us rather admit the existence here 

 of a rational power, not only inferior to ours, but also different. 



Thus proceeding, from the highest forms in each type of animal 

 life to the lower, and even down to the lowest, we may be pre- 

 pared to advance the thesis, that all animals are intelligent, in 

 proportion to the ability of their organization to manifest intelli- 

 gence to us, or to each other ; that wherever there is voluntary 

 motion, there is intelligence :— obscure it may be, not compre- 

 hended by us, but comprehended by the companions of the same 

 low grade of structure. 



However this may be, I do not intend to discuss the subject at 

 present, but only wish in connection with this train of thought to 

 offer two suggestions. 



The first is, that by pursuing different courses of investigation 

 in biology, we may be led to opposite results. Commencing with 



