XX 



INTRODUCTION. 



Operation, 



Cost per acre each time 

 practised. 



Eemaeks. 



Keapiug, 



J. Hi VOlilLlg J aaa 



varies. 

 6\-\- 



r Assuming produce to be 20 maunds grain. 

 ) One pair bullocks (at 3 annas) and one man 

 j (at 2 annas) will thresh out 168 lbs. in a day 

 1, of eight hours. 



Cleaning, 



-|6/. 



Assuming produce to be 20 maunds grain. 



Watering — 







Canal dues, ... 



Labour of lifting, 



variable. 

 1|2/- 



Irrigation is assumed to be with canal water, 

 and by a lift of ^ feet. 



Labour of distributing, 



-\2\. 





Labour of making water beds 

 (once in a season only), ... 



-/3/- 





Manure,... 



3/- per 100 maunds. 



Manure is not ordinarily sold, but will as a 

 rule command this price if in the market. 



Average outturn. 



The figures which profess to show the average outturn of each crop are very far from being 

 absolutely reliable. The striking of an average for the outturn of agricultural produce is a task of 

 considerable difficulty, even in countries where tolerably full information is possessed, and Government 

 can obtain willing assistance from private agriculturists. In India the difficulty is one that can 

 hardly at present be surmounted. To the uncertainty which arises from ignorance, and from a 

 greater diversity of conditions than occurs in European or American agriculture, there is superadded 

 the error which results from wilful mis-statement, centuries of oppression having taught the Indian 

 cultivator that he is likely to benefit more from the ignorance than from the enlightenment of his 

 rulers. To these causes must be ascribed a divergence of authority that would otherwise seem 

 ridiculous. Three sub-divisions of the Saharanpur District, for instance, are represented as enjoying 

 such widely different outturns of wheat as 12 maunds, 1%\ maunds, and 24 maunds, respectively. 



It has been considered advisable, therefore, rather to found the estimates of average outtui*n on 

 a few selected authorities than to attempt to find a mean between a large number of conflicting 

 opinions, and amongst the authorities on whom greatest reliance has been placed may be mentioned 

 the Bareilly and Azamgarh Settlement Keports, by Messrs. Moens and Rcid, and Mr. Wright's Memo, 

 on the Agriculture of the Cawnpore District. Any lessons taught by the results of experimental farm- 

 ing on the part of Government in these Provinces have also been carefully borne in mind. It wiU 

 be noticed that in many cases the averages which are assumed are considerably higher than those in 

 ordinary acceptance with Government officials, but there are few things so certain as that the outturn 

 obtained by Indian cultivators is very generally under-estimated, and there even have not been wanting 

 statisticians who have succeeded in demonstrating that the greater part of Indian farming is carried 

 on at a considerable annual loss to the cultivator and the country. The lowness of current estimates 

 is partly due (as has been mentioned above) to wilful under-statement by landholders and cultivators, 

 who are slow to see in the curiosity of Government any object other than an increase of taxation, 

 and partly perhaps to statistical difficulties experienced by Settlement officers desirous of maintaining 

 what is considered the proper ratio between rent and produce. With the increase of population and 

 diminution in the size of holdings, the produce per acre rises very greatly. Eents rise at the same 

 time, but not by any means pari passu, and the proportion between rent and produce has a tendency 



