BRYOPHYTES. 



47 



Gemmae are produced as a normal feature in the 

 position of sexual organs in the moss Tetraphis ; but 

 besides the gemmae-producing flowers there are also 

 the ordinary male and female ones. Clos, in a paper 

 the writer has not seen, speaks of male flowers becoming 

 changed into agglomerations of gemmae, which must 

 mean that the antheridia are replaced by gemmae, just 

 as ovules in the higher plants are sometimes replaced 

 by shoots. 



Leitgeb describes the formation of gemmae-cups in 

 the place of archegonia in March antia, as also the 

 occurrence here and there of a completely organized 

 shoot bearing gemmae-cups, which causes him to sug- 

 gest that the archegoniophore may represent an entire 

 system of shoots. 



Turning now to the sporophyte-generation,Montagne 

 describes the occurrence of gemmae in the place of 

 spores in the ripe capsule of the moss Eucamptodon 

 perichxtialis. This is a good instance of apospory in 

 mosses. 



A very good example of the same phenomenon in the 

 liverworts has been afforded us by Lang, who induced 

 it artificially in Anthocero* Iseins by cutting up young 

 unopened sporogonia and laying the pieces on damp 

 sand. From the cut ends grew young thalli which 

 formed rhizoids. He observed that all the shoots 

 arose each from a single cell, and that they mostly 

 had their origin from the subepidermal layer, but that 

 they may arise from any of the wall-layers inwards as 

 far as that which bounds the sporogenous layer. 

 Hence this is a true instance of apospory. 



Leaf. — It cannot be said that abnormalities connected 

 with this organ are common in either mosses or liver- 

 worts. Brizi records elongation and forking of the leaf 

 in the moss Homalia Imitanica. H. N. Dixon cites a 

 leaf of Funaria hygrometrica which was forked half- 

 way down. Arnaoudoff describes two cases of leaves 

 in Mnium punctatum in which unequal dichotomy of the 

 leaf occurred ; in one leaf the lobes were respectively 



