DIALYSIS. 



117 



in the wallflower (Cheiranthus Gheiri) mentioned by 

 Spinner. 



Dissociation of the carpels (" quarters ") of the 

 orange and lemon gives rise, if it is partial, to the very 

 curious fingered or hand-shaped fruits in which the 

 carpels are still united at the base. Or, if completely 

 separated, they may form, as in the semi-double flower 

 mentioned by Duchartre, a whorl of eight to ten 

 distinct carpels. When a second whorl of carpels 

 is formed, as in the navel orange, the apocarpous 

 condition is usually marked. 



In an abnormal crocus-flower examined, the three 

 styles, usually connate, were completely free and 

 distinct. 



Mr. J. Weathers sent a drawing of a pistil of Lilium, 

 with three perfectly free styles, whereas, in the normal 

 pistil, both styles and stigmas are intimately fused. 



The five carpels constituting the ovary of Primu- 

 lacese are so intimately united that there is no indication 

 in the mature condition of its original constitution, 

 there being a single style and no sutures on the 

 surface of the ovary ; moreover, in the development 

 the structure usually arises as a uniform " ring- wall." 

 Now and again, however, as observed for instance by 

 Masters, the pistil arises as five distinct tubercles on 

 the receptacle. Here we have one of the compara- 

 tively rare instances in which the ontogeny throws 

 light on the phylogeny. In abnormal flowers, as seen 

 for instance by T. G. Hill in Primula, some of the 

 carpels composing the pistil become partially indi- 

 vidualized in the form of two or three styles. Masters 

 figures a pistil of P. prdenitens with four styles and 

 marginal ovules (PI. XXXIX, fig. 11). 



Solution of " inferior" oa^aey. — The solution of the 

 carpels from the tubular calyx-base is undoubtedly of 

 reversionary nature, and occurs frequently when the 

 balance of the organism becomes upset, as in many 

 abnormal roses, apple-blooms, hawthorn, Umbelliferse 

 (PI. XXXIX, fig. 12), etc. Masters figures a beautiful 



