METAMORPHOSIS. 



183 



var. commutatum) , in many of the flowers some of the 

 stamens nearest the pistil, in one instance more than a 

 dozen, were changed, wholly or partly, into carpels 

 (PL XLV), and the upper part of the anther was usually 

 in the form of a stigma. In some of these carpels the 

 margins bear greatly swollen placentas, in others the 

 swollen, hypertrophied placental tissue also extends 

 right across the ventral side ; in others, the two 

 ventral loculi of the anther are normal and pollen- 

 bearing, the marginal ones being absent ; the o villi- 

 ferous placentas occur between the two loculi of each 

 anther-half, i. e. some distance from the margin (fig. 

 133). 



Fig. 133.— Palaver Rhceas var. (French Poppy). Transverse section 

 of an anther bearing both pollen-sacs and ovules. (Semi- diagram- 

 matic.) cm, anther-lobe; ov, ovules ; pi, placenta. 



In these cases it is probable that the anther becomes 

 changed into a stigma and the filament into the style. 



Sometimes such a carpel is fused with the normal 

 pistil and in that case obeys the usual law in having 

 its upper surface directed outwards ; but in one 

 flower all the free carpels exhibited this orientation.* 



In the Oriental poppy (P. orientate) and the Iceland 

 poppy (P.nudicaule) carpellody of some of the stamens 

 was also seen. 



In the toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) flowers were seen 

 in which there were five carpels and in which all the 

 stamens were fused with the carpels, which seems to 

 have been the cause of their becoming carpelloid and 

 having reversed orientation, while they are also placed 



* These are facts which again support the views expressed above with 

 regard to the corolla-enations in " Gloxinia," etc. In the free carpels with 

 reversed orientation in the poppy (which may be regarded as being on the 

 way towards fusion with the normal pistil) we see the converse anomaly to 

 that presented by the extra petals— fused with the normal ones, but which 

 yet have normal orientation — in Datura. 



