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Notice of the various 



towards the north, as in the Chusan Archipelago.* Those of Lower 

 Egypt are quite similar to the ordinary tame buffaloes of Lower Bengal ; 

 and Kuppel remarks that they are now found also in the wild state in 

 the marshes of the Egyptian Delta, where termed Gamus. We have 

 remarked that they have likewise gone wild on the north coast of Aus- 

 tralia, where introduced by the Malays.f Chesney tells us that they 

 are found in a wild state towards the shores of the Black Sea. The 

 tame are numerous in Armenia, Persia, Kerdistan, Mesopotamia, and 

 in all suitable districts of Arabia ; in which last-named peninsula 

 Chesney remarks that — " Next to the camels, in point of number, are 

 buffaloes, which are to be found in most places w T here water is abundant 

 [no prevalent feature of Araby the Unblest !]; their milk is rich and 

 tolerably good, although inferior to that of the goat or cow." \ From 

 these countries they spread westward as far as Hungary and the valley of 

 the Nile ; and are now also on the island of Zanzibar, on the east 



* "In its productions, Chusan does not materially differ from the adjacent main- 

 land of Ning-po. The sleek and small cattle aud the buffaloes, larger than those in 

 the South, are used exclusively for the plough, and never slaughtered for the use of 

 the Chinese, so near to the head-quarters of Budhism in the neighbouring island of 

 Pooto." — Sir J. F. Davis, in 'Journal Royal Geographical Society,' vol. xxiii. 

 p. 248. 



" In Karabodia the buffalo lives amongst mud and ditches, and is a very powerful 

 animal : further north its fierceness much decreases. The bullock is of a very small 

 breed.'' — Gutzlaff, in 'Journal Royal Geographical Society,' vol. xix. p. 104. Here 

 " all that comes from the cow is held in abhorrence ! " 



f Dr. Leichardt, in 1845, remarked that buffaloes were "very numerous at Baki- 

 Baki's Creek, which joins Mountnorris Bay. They are equally abundant between 

 Raffles Bay and the harbour: the whole country, particularly round Baki-Baki's 

 Bay, and on the neck, being as closely covered with buffalo-tracks as a well-stocked 

 cattle-run of New South Wales could be." — ' Journal Royal Geographical Society,' 

 vol. xvi. p. 237. 



X It may here be remarked that the humped cattle of Arabia generally are " of a 

 very small and poor race, and are never, but with the greatest reluctance, killed for 

 food." (Wallin, in ' Journal Royal Geographical Society,' vol.xxiv. p. 148). Chesney 

 remarks of them, that " bulls and cows take the next place to the buffalo, and like 

 those of India, they bear a hump, and are of small size ; some bullocks purchased at 

 Suweideyah, produced each only about 224 pounds of meat." Again, in his 

 1 Appendix' (vol. i. p. 279), he enumerates, among the domestic animals of Arabia and 

 Mesopotamia, " both the common bull and cow, and the bull and cow with hunch." 

 In the province of Kerman, in Persia, Mr. Keith C. Abbott remarks that " the oxen 

 in this part of the country are of a small humped kind, and are commonly used 

 as beasts of burden; people also ride on them, seated on a soft pad, and a rope is 

 passed through the nostril, by which they are guided." — 'Journal Royal Geographical 

 Society,' vol. xxv. p. 43. 



