114 J. STEVENSON HAMILTON—THE RELATION 
possessing a partially hairy rhinarium, appear to have been much less affected. 
Warthoe and bush-pies died in laree numbers at the time of the disease. 
oD ] t=) Db 
Before the epidemic, tsetse-fly of one kind or another occupied many of the 
areas in South and Central Africa, which were also the haunts of such large 
bush-loving animals as, for example, buffalo and kudu. Hunters and travellers 
passing through, but seldom remaining long in the districts, very naturally 
associated such species with the fly. The apparent absence of both from the 
same area at a later date, was further held to prove the connection; though 
temporary migration of the one, and fluctuation of the other, due to climatic 
causes, may conceivably have been nearer the truth. Most of these hunters and 
travellers too, believed that fly depended upon game, especially upon buffalo, and 
they tried to make everything they saw fit in with this preconceived idea, 
The rinderpest seems to have exercised some obscure influence upon at least 
certain species of tsetse-flies in a good many places. While there is no doubt 
that Glossina morsitans (?) absolutely disappeared from considerable areas during 
the course of, or immediately after, the epidemic, we have it on reliable authority 
that elsewhere it was in no way affected. Facile as may be the explanation that 
the disappearance of the insects, where it occurred, followed in natural course 
the disappearance of the game, it can hardly be said to be borne out by facts. 
Only the Bovinar and those antelopes most closely approximating to them 
were greatly affected, while many species were practically untouched. Impala, 
for instance, which were very numerous throughout the old fly-areas in the 
eastern Transvaal, seem to have suffered hardly at all. Therefore the matter is 
reduced to a question of whether the fly ceased to exist because of the practical 
extinction of the animals which suffered most from rinderpest—buffalo, kudu, 
eland, and bushbuck. , 
The north-eastern Transvaal being a comparatively small area, and being one 
moreover of whose history past and present, nine years residence entitles me to 
speak with some authority, will furnish a convenient instance of what may have 
taken place elsewhere. All the four species of animals indicated above abounded 
—say thirty years ago—through the greater part of the country between the 
Olifants and Crocodile Rivers, an area of about 120 miles by 60, There were 
also three distinct belts of fly between these two rivers. I am obliged, here and 
elsewhere, when speaking of pre-rinderpest days, to use the ambiguous term 
“fly ” when referring to Glossina, because there exists no record as to what the 
particular species was. From the nature of the country, and the reputed 
character of the insect, it may however be assumed that either G. morsitans 
or G. pallidipes was present. The fly is spoken of as having been very pertina- 
cious and aggressive, attacking men, and the donkeys which hunters occasionally 
brought into the areas, most savagely. Donkeys always died subsequently, the 
described symptoms being those of nagana. Although the old hunters, Dutch 
and British, were far from being entomologists, they nevertheless all knew the 
general appearance of a tsetse-fly. TABANIDAE and Stomozxys are still present, 
but it is inconceivable that they could have been mistaken for tsetses. 
By 1896, uninterrupted and wholesale shooting by white hunters and natives, 
extending over a long term of years, had nearly exterminated the eland, and had 
