194 JAS. J. SIMPSON—ENTOMOLOGICAL 
any low scrub. A feature worthy of mention is the nature of the wells. These 
are generally dug outside the village and are usually about 30 to 40 feet in depth. 
The top is raced above the level of the surrounding ground, and the mouth is 
formed of large tree trunks well bound together. The area surrounding them is 
cleared and kept unusually clean. 
The Jolofts inhabit chiefly the northern bank of the river and extend into 
Senegal, They also are an agricultural people and live in large permanent 
villages. In most of their habits which have a bearing on this subject, they 
resemble the Mandingoes, 
The Foulahs, on the other hand, are more a pastoral than an agricultural 
people ; they are closely connected with the Fulani of Northern Nigeria and own 
large herds of cattle. They are a somewhat nomadic tribe and are found all 
over the colony, but mostly in the upper reaches of the river. They have no 
permanent towns but only temporary shelters, and shift from place to place 
according to the requirements of their cattle. In the wet season they recede 
from the river and return towards it in the dry season, when the grass is burnt 
up in the more remote parts. For this reason, their settlements are never so 
well built nor so cleanly kept as those of either the Mandingoes or Jollofs. They 
never keep their cattle long in the vicinity of the river, and thus the latter are less 
liable to attacks from tsetse, and the fact that the Foulahs recede during the rains 
accounts, to a great extent, for the enormous herds which one sees all over the 
Colony. Though they give no reason for it, nor seek any, they recognise that a 
prolonged stay near the river or creeks, is nearly always accompanied by a higher 
rate of mortality in their herds. 
The Foulahs are divided into three sub-tribes: Teucolors, Loubis and the 
Foulahs proper. The Teucolors are strict Mahommedans, and their language 
differs slightly from the true Foulah, as may be seen in the words given on 
page 219. 
The Jolahs are a very primitive and low type of natives, who inhabit the dis- 
trict of Fogni and spread into the French territory to the Casamance River, 
They are very unapproachable, jealous of their rights, and extremely vindictive. 
They do not segregate themselves into villages, but live in small compounds 
scattered about, each containing a separate “family.” They are chiefly an agri- 
cultural people. 
In addition to the foregoing, several other factors must be taken into con- 
sideration in connection with the spread of disease in man and animals. The 
political boundaries of the Colony of the Gambia are purely arbitrary and very 
artificial, and the River Gambia being the only water exit to the coast for the 
greater portion of French Senegal, a large amount of produce from the sur- 
rounding country passes to the coast by this river. This entails considerable 
intercourse between the natives inhabiting the river area and those from the 
high lands beyond. There is, further, considerable dealing in cattle between the 
two peoples, and thus the possibility of infected cattle finding their way into the 
upper regions is a very likely one. But more significant, however, is the fact 
that there is a large migratory farming community in the Gambia. Year after 
year, large numbers of natives from French and Portuguese territory come over 
to British territory and farm large tracts of land, returning to their homes as 
