208 JAS. J. SIMPSON-——ENTOMOLOGICAL 
irritation ; all parts of the pony were attacked, but more especially the pasterns. 
This is due in great part to the fact that there are no muscles in this region 
capable of causing a twitching of the skin. The number of these insects may be 
gauged by the fact that, using a glass-bottomed box 14 inches in diameter, I 
frequently caught four and sometimes five by simply placing the box over such 
agroup. The great abundance of G. palpalis at such places being necessarily 
a source of danger, some considerable outlay for clearing measures is surely 
justified. 
(¢.) Bintang Creek. 
This creek opens into the River Gambia, about 25 miles from Bathurst, and 
after a short but very tortuous course runs practically parallel with the river. 
Its length in British territory is, roughly, 50 miles, and it is navigable all the 
year round for launches, drawing 6 ft. of water. At its mouth it is nearly a 
mile in width, but it gradually narrows until at Sandeng it is only about 50 yards 
wide. The tidal influence is marked throughout the whole course, and, as in the 
case of the main river where this occurs, the banks are clothed with a dense 
growth of mangroves frum end to end, except perhaps where villages are situated, 
and there sporadic trees of various kinds have sprung up. ‘he country is very 
flat in this region, except at Bintang (fig. 10), where the town of that name is 
Fig. 10.—Town of Bintang, on the creek of the same name. 
situated, and where there is a slight elevation of the bank. The only other town 
of any size is Kansala ; fig. 11 shows the wharf and landing stage of that town. 
This view is typical of all the landing stages on the creek; it shows how these 
are constructed and to what extent clearing has been done. Only sufficient 
mangroves have been cut down to clear a space on which to build the wharf and 
leave a small open part on each side for canoes. Apart from Glossina palpalis, 
the only blood-sucking fly seen was 7. socialis, and it is noteworthy that only in 
