368 AN ATTEMPT TO CONTROL INSECT PESTS 
sequence of parasites in certain localities. Japan is one locality in which 
the moth is supposed to be controlled, and they give a table as follows :— 
EGG. LARVAL STAGES. PUPAL STAGES. ; 
P ere Z 5 
PARASITES. af = nS s¥iida etl na Su Bu of ad vi = 
ss % wes [ae Se | aR ae Re ze ga Bice rhs 
Anastatus bifasciatus 
| Schedius kuvanae ada 
Apanteles fulvipes, 1st 
generation. 
Apanteles fulvipes, 2nd 
generation. 
Crossocosmia sericariae... -f 
Tachina japonica a 
Chalcis obscurata aoe 
In this table the verticai columns indicate the various stages in the 
development of the moths, with their duration. The dotted line following 
the name of the parasite shows the stages during which the moth is likely to be 
attacked by that parasite, while the solid line indicates the stages during which 
it is likely to contain this parasite in its body. Six other species, indicated by 
the authors as probably unimportant, have been omitted from the table, which 
shows a complete sequence of attack. 
In Russia, it was found that in some areas parasites were plentiful, while in 
others parasites were few, but that an epidemic of disease had very much reduced 
the pest. 
In France, the parasitism of the gipsy moth was found to be much less than 
was anticipated, ranging only from 25 to 40 per cent., but the conditions of the 
insects’ life were so adverse otherwise that this was not considered surprising. 
It is urged that this difference in the conditions, with the resulting alteration in 
the habits of the moth, as compared with what obtains in the United States, 
does not permit of the deduction that parasitism would be ineffective in the 
latter country. 
One is impressed with the desire of the authors to reconcile facts with hopes, 
rather than to base their hopes on the facts. They endeavour to account for 
the poverty of parasitism and come from their explanations with renewed hope. 
Brown-tail moth parasites were studied from Europe only, where it is less 
checked by parasites than gipsy moth. A disease attacks this species, which 
may be of importance, and which already occurs in the United States. <A 
sequence is given for its parasites. 
Gipsy moth parasites in America are discussed in detail.  Tachina malla, 
WIk., is interesting, being a fly which lays eggs on the caterpillars. The fly 
larvae frequently fail to live and the moth emerges ; this may be due to one of 
the following causes :—(1) absorption of the larvae, on penetrating the skin, by 
phagocytes ; (2) the larva penetrates and lives in a funnel formed under the 
