SUCCESSION OF PINES. 



515 



common, Gnaphalium, Senecio., Epilobium, Pteris chysocarpa, P. 

 aquilina, Adiantum, Aspidium, Rumex, the Labiata fruticosa of 

 Jacka, Potentilla sanguinea, Artemisia, Coronilloid, Androsacea, Gna- 

 phalioid, Epipactis, Carex, Cnicus, Viola, Valerianum, Jasminum,* 

 Viburnum,* V. aliud, Populus,* Silene, Mespilus microphyllus, Ver- 

 bascum, Thapsia, Ilex, Euonymus, Loniceroid, Acer,* Eriogonoid,* 

 Geranium scandens.* 



Bupleuroid, Polytrichum, Rosa, Rubus, Salex fruticosa,* Fragaria, 

 Crataegus,* Saxifraga crassifolia, Viscum, Rubia cordifolia. 



Viscum has one attachment, but from this many branches spring after 

 the form of the primary one. Muhassoo is of great extent, because 

 an arm of the mountain extends to the south, and there assumes 

 a considerable height, equal to that of Muhassoo itself, and equally 

 well wooded. It is of all other situations about Simla the proper 

 place for collecting. The succession of the pines in these regions is 

 as follows : — 



P. longifolia, dry barren spots, from 5,000 to 7,500 feet, as Rhodo- 

 dendrum arboreum. 



P. excelsa, from 7,500 to 8,500 feet, no groups occur. 



P. Deodars, from 7,500 to 9,000 feet, especially on southern faces. 



P. Smithiana, from 9,000 to 10,000 feet, and is in the highest 

 perfection on north faces. 



One thing remarkable is the wide ranges of the above forms, for 

 excepting those marked with an asterisk, all are found about Simla. 



The most common herbaceous family on Muhassoo is Composite, 

 and very strange to say, most of its forms, as indeed the others, ex- 

 cepting some of the trees, are found on the Khasyah Mountains at 

 much lower elevations, and much lower latitudes. Of birds the Cone- 

 eater of Bootan occurs. 



7th. — To Annandale, a pretty level spot, some 2,000 feet below 

 Simla, remarkable for its beautiful grove of Deodars. 



Of the wild grasses they are almost all exclusively tropical forms, 

 Paniceous or Andropogoneous. The chief cultivation of the hills, 

 Atriplex sanguinea, bhatoo vena, some fine walnut trees, mulberries, 

 also Celtoidea ? Kirrack ven, Zanthoxylon. 



Passed a herd of red-rumped monkeys ; the crooked- tailed Lungoor 

 is also found here. 



Rich vegetation extends down the southern slope, where there is a 

 waterfall. It is curious that both here and in Annandale the Deo- 

 * Means altitudinal. 



