July 26, 188§.J 



FOREST AND STREAM. 







olt's 



i and 



liRrnmerh 

 frolic, 11 Salx, ami a good 

 unspoken prophecy Wats 



and in the- pilot V-ouso could be seen thr 

 a Winchester. The looker-on guessed ; 

 tiino generally was being born, and his 

 true, 



At. t.Ai M. (he call to breakfast wn« mad;; and the order "east 

 tk«'afc'\ crime Erblu the yflukJiotisfei and hp the Ocistflnaula steamed 

 Gib U'fii'litiU with iiS tlnbtiy Hun Jovial 4 eomnahy as ym.ld 

 j&fte* breakfast; clgnr? and a social R'iiWp ft r/MIS tver* induced 

 In; The.motiou of Ihe sti am< r crenlcd S gentle t'rdcw, Mid r 1 1 

 pftnflful l.ibikr oY,tne Oo^iiuauh, trioimed with the Kt>n Of 

 BtlaSli and guni find birrriJhck: and mativ another tree and flower,- 

 made air chcei fnl and at'I^htJ Hor'fe and ,thi.re Kreat rock-Wiiing 

 over th-i sire im witn many a spring trickling i;" potMns tlit.iUTh 

 the limestone. Here a meado.v stretched awavwiih ils WtwmM 



ere the trees mingled their 

 •n tunnel To" company in 

 it I'm calm did not hist, for 

 •1 t»hl g a glass of a German 

 uMani was arrested, tried, 

 d a ['vllle.a i i ( us flxeco* 

 lis! what executions I were 

 cttx was fordid guiit.v n«l*sS 



nd the Ihici.r.r times wllh- 



1 •■■ ■ • -'i n*id f< ■ the spoti'ari- 

 PjlOt, ami a C !^W>r^dei,c« 

 deserved more than be I i 

 rtnintive ballad, native and 

 It. Bullfrog," Sometime to 

 ■ a fahe note, a thing out- 



corn, or cotton, or scented ... 

 branches over t'\e river, making 

 suck contemplation bee nine luisl 

 fche General was caught iti fe m 

 Hdyt'rrigo alorha esedflGed h-'lm' 1 

 wad som.euee 1 at one'.' to the (lit 

 ti >ri follow v.l Lutntfe K ttely. W i, 

 liad.ao'd mpde otidluit trip: The 

 tiHt.il iK.uli.i.U. ule gweel Sitiaer 

 Hut nuinb.'r was ihhno'. only t.ue 

 cous geieraiion of an direction Ef 

 in.tnfr pilot house; The Sweel g 

 teived, and he sang that nniune 



peculiar to North Georgia wafcp 

 have a national r< potation, with 

 ^optifyuid not to be tolerated t 



SeMa'dowri tlwafcf l|t uuK.aml 

 about to pass t lie <• .;! 'Hei'is at Rb 

 Western Union With an hail info 

 was mere held for the Sweet S 

 message read, ae wit'a tearful ovi 

 Pally ho was recalled io It, me. J 

 go, and for some llftoon minutes 

 foot. pDindna to (lie boat, and tli. 

 }<■ R. Hilt he would not vield, 

 yottl,es of the afrr'e.m.onli med Oe 

 npitile'siuc ihi im e of uiit.N-iit-Hii •• 

 Siloes id lils left, Hand, his man an 

 in his right. And the two bo ties 1 

 ltis only sympathizers arid cdm.ff 

 etui, and B;,vav up the swift, strei: 



I bb'p^e oTi'ife rfwV('t. slngeniu 



guileless so-ur it, much disturbed 

 and fa ; led to form a lilting note i 

 the river and the trees, and he v 

 that a further continuance of b 

 sarily involve a recourse to the b 

 Ah, the General was a noble m- 

 as it came. His companions wi 

 Oaotuin's narrow escape from a i 

 Reaeral's heroism, ami the wild ; 

 Seeming approach of the pale nd 



i itner 



Sweet (eiypered and genial. Few men are quieter in prosperity or 

 in oetter voice— GfitluU i»n permitting -in adversity. 



Morning came, and down fche caroling river the prow wa< 

 pointed. Presently ihe whistle b!' : w »gsun for Hesaeea, the Doc- 

 tor bade the partv a sad, tearful farewell, Jumped ashore to g< 

 southward on iho W. & A,, and the rest, wet only with tear-— i la 

 German and that not German were gone — continued ori to the Hill 

 City, and gave the expedition to the custody of Memory, who now, 

 in pari * lias given account of it to the Foukst Ajsd Stiikam. 



Hflay iuOtdftita of heowiBm and daring occurred, which phe hat 

 not in- re noted: \mt elie lmy yet be induced to do so sometime 

 during the summer of W. D. P. 



MAC on, Ga. 



8 and 



iong they plead 

 tept him on the 

 i other aiming 

 ami fdTtifyhl 

 •man, thfly lefl 



id to 



Hli a § ilu(») tbi*y wer« 

 u .eralde niiniori of the 

 Daptabi tb'a t a (.oiagrrfiri 

 I a landli)" 1 ntade t he 

 mal tune told the Cfctak 

 ,vith him not t i 

 worm fence, one 

 it the W. &. A. 

 him with two 

 lmn, standing a 

 His fee,t (u bis sitpners, Iris 

 Id ken l. ; !r'r.;t.'"11ar "ud ct'a\ :M 



i up ;ii b.Trij frad flic fiaildi 

 >ad, hul reeover'iK they left 

 c li iw orieued i Hi « aiers. 

 ro'si tv; uodi r'to ik io siioply 

 |lofl sHogr littt wlvte it was a. 

 [rums of i iie, f 'ooirti > « /»t'h 



ii c idence wiiich came ff n\ 

 uietly but (irmly infornfed 

 ■aphio c airs.- would nccos- 



f the paddle. He st pp 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH-WATER FISHES 



M PAVID STARR JORDAN, 



friend before tie American Fisheries Society.l 

 IG'tmrtUihd,) 



'PHE \va^ers of Hit) Hffsni Raain.hftfe not yet been fully ex- 

 I. plorecl. The liinohi roi '.''c- known fnmi this regioi 

 is about seventy-five. Thismitpbor intliicleatbti f^ifrjAot the 

 Upper Bio Grande, the Smiko River and the Colc/rddo, as 

 a* 1 be flshos 



list is 



WUt 



<;>1, 



vari 



Tbi 



■o'liiposi 



Wfts made fast, at th 

 game a tMiy.stvea 

 The rocks* finbiPA 

 e-ver* tteadt'f ul td 

 of tne ban Ltia 06' 

 tim General and ( 

 beet upon the cav 

 a hole, and froni 

 rat-like tail " pre 

 Hcnfiil immGdiati 

 Record. Rat the ! 

 tiniiasy Spec tat ot ; ; not I 

 With caul ious steps tbi 

 Oh the left, the other c 

 fugged point of rock to 

 the tail. Toe General 



to )[ ( 



, bmv< 

 not so 

 itery gi 

 11 with 

 of the 

 yd pre 



.d true, took life well 

 >n forget his and the 

 ave that afternoon, the 

 which he greeted the 

 The boat 



p ile hors 



ck, 



vo- 



ce 



I'Ulh'; 



v folio 



a be 



he : 

 Th( 



Of! 



entufe ju 



butt' 

 h, bow- 

 jperties 

 wator, 

 . ashore, 



hich the Captain saw go into 

 ;«ld, he distinctly f-atf the'^rouud 

 Hep u - ter with h ; 8 note book and 

 .1, that the brave deed might have 

 'maiiied on the after deck, a quiet but 

 ng the character of the beaver's tail, 

 orteral arid Gaptain advanced, the ona 

 the right, etebprttg upward from otio 

 iothe:' 4 until they stood directly over 

 Plly extended his baud, caught It, and 

 Was hauling away on what seemed a beaver's tail ati.enun.ted into 

 great si nli lit ude to a black snake, when the Reporter, wno in his 

 eagerness to see* was bent backward, with a great hole between 

 Mis coll at b.ittoti and bis neok, was sti' 10k on the Adam's apple 

 tly a miniaiitfe l'i'Og. whose ril umber Lad bee i rudely ilisturbedby 

 t he Cap. ami and before ho could ie:'ovet' from tto shock, the au* 

 im d ha 1 found lo ig.aeut between his lisle thread and that ptrt 



It 



horribl 

 oeks backward, 

 until he settled 

 he steamer washed 

 aud submerged the 

 vent out to ttie river 

 becomi ng some \\ hat 

 irer, let go hia hold. 



of his anatomy which refeis to the raarin 

 note of awe ih il.o cap;d hi n, and he left tl 

 tobogganing wit h speed, if not with dexte 

 fn the ooofmad, wliere the swell from 

 up to t he. height of his suspender button 

 waistband of )iis pantaloons. As thai note 

 and the sky, the General at the same tim. 

 dubious of Ihe caudal appendage of the l .. 

 auo alas! left the moss upon winch he stood likewise oa< kward 

 Balfei'ing, e\ iilently, with some little trepidation, the Captain 

 accompanied liim- -backward. For amoment tin ro was a maze 

 Of arms, let?s, bodies, snake or tail, moss and roeks, after the 

 otder of the buzs saw, then The General caught tne Captain by 

 the. neck, and presto, the Captain lodged his foot in the abdom- 

 inal center of the General, they embraced., turned one the other 

 partially loose, and from rock to rock, from pateli of moss to 

 patch oi mo*s wenton their way to the river. A ledge intervened, 

 and the Doctor, greaily agitated, hoped that it would cheek their 

 rckif ss. unhappy course. Bat no, they struck it with a three- 

 foot bolt, and four feet lo ver down Ian. led on a slight incline of 

 marsh grass in the edge of the river, and pluuket. plunkit, the 

 river received them. Than it was that the General sped torth a 

 cry tnat soundi d like the last note of the death song oi tue gieat 

 Indian chief. Tho Captain evkb utly intended to .join his voiej to 

 the Generals, but the river, suspecting him a victim of anin- 

 sutiable thirst, filled him with itself, and only a gurgle floated 

 over the surface of the water. They went under. They rose. 

 And brave and true the General was seen battling with tne waters 

 with his left baud and nobly supporting the Captain by tne 

 ulterior portion of his trousers witn his rignt. He saved him aud 

 himselr. it was a desperate situation; the river was '.'ft. deep at 

 thai point. They were taken ou board. The Doctor prescribed a 

 beverage, not Gorman. Tho Pilot mustered sullicient strength to 

 slightly move tne wheel, and sufficient voice to say, "Cast away!" 

 The bell was rung, and under full head of steam, the Warlick 

 resumed her way up the river. 



As the sun went behind tne foothills of the Cumberlands the 

 pretty spot, Wild as Nature mado her prettiest huuuts, wbere the 

 Connasau^a and the ( loosawattec kiss each other and form the 

 Oostanaula. was reached. 



Leaving the Connasauga, the Warlick climbed (for other expres- 

 sion will not describe it) the dams and shoals of the Coosa wai tee, 

 and at nightf all the steamer was tied up at Piuey Chapel Landing, 

 a place taking its name, so the Pilot informed the Doctor, from a 

 chap.1 some 4 airier of a mile distant, and which he. subsequently 

 ascertained required an nour's walk tortach. 



Disk soon bad a Splendid supper of ham and eggs, potatoes, 

 chicken, coffee, etc., displayed. A hearty meal was made, then a 

 walk to a cave aud a examination of it by the Doc tor and tne PiP t. 



Notuing of special interest occurred on the tour, exc pt, indeed, 

 when the General, wUile in the cave, sat down in a round poo], 

 thinking it a sm -oth limestone rocK. Ho afterward accounted for 

 ( he wetness as prof ose persp .ration, but h.se-xpliuation not oeing 

 considered by the Ktp'ner satisfactory, nejadmit'ed the mishap, 

 and then congratulated himself upon it, as he said he could now 

 locate chronologically the formation of the. ca ve, tho temperature 

 of the water having clearly indicated a time during the glacial 

 epoch. Toe road from the river to this cave is peculiar, being 

 apparently up hill both ways; and tne qdiartef of a mile of tue 

 Piloi's had the elasticity of rubber, it sir, tchi dour with ait stint. 



Delightful spring cots were set about the boat upon the return, 

 and uridi r stars and blue vault, m the scented breeze, the Doctor 

 and the General sic p'., and the Captain and. Reporter gave forth 

 noises that nrght bave been a loag-dra wu-out req uem over the 

 depcrUUM of the Sweet Singer, set to the mournful air of '"Mr. 

 Bullfrog" badly sung. 



The m-xt day found them among tho Cumberlands, where Talk- 

 ing Rock Creek makes love to ihe Coosawattee. Then tame, 

 flsliing: the General, it is said, caught a 4oz. trout and a cattish, 

 the Captain a terrapin and a snag, the Reporter two eelc, small 

 but of excellent flavor, and the Doctor, captivated by a spring cot 

 under the sua .ow of the hurricane deck, killed a duck for dinner, 

 two snakes and a kingfisher. There is net the slighter doubt that 

 the Doctor was the Jkm-o of the expedition. 



In the evening the rope, not the anchor, was weighed — weight 

 not ascertained— and away the Warlick went like a *hing of Hie, 

 ruuniug away from ctrs down the swift streim, turning many an 

 angular bend, just escaping snag and rock. Tnat night tho Pilot 

 insisted upon stoppi* g tor wood; he landed and was teen no more 

 until morning. There are lair maidens in this section, it is said. 

 About 11 o'clock tne Captain, divested of whit nature had not 

 furnished, with one exception, kvd himself down in bed with a 

 compani m which he subsequently le irned was a wasp. The 

 demonstration tuat it was a wasp was perfectly satisfactory to the 

 Captain, and the accompanying circumstances did not allow one 

 of his companions to doubt it. Ah! the Captain is a lovable man, 



f the tributaries of the Great Salt 



almost entirely of a few genera of sucker.' 

 n^sffilts, ChcLsYfflstee), minnows (fVtJUfldiWS, 

 7t<s, etc. ) and tv.njt (Sfdino mykiss ami Lti 

 tit tbd ciitrtslfes.- jhn'.'h, darters or sun fishes. 

 ..„ShpsV a fw u(iuv fy| 1 Ih'onliii.'try K-astern types 

 of minnows (genera Niltr'tptn.- ClirVuvtoa, etc.) bavo passed 

 the barrier of the Rocky Mountains, 



West of the Sierra Nevada, the fauu.t 1<* still nmiv scanty, 

 but fifty species being enumerated. This ftuiua, except foi 

 ce»'tf»)n Inimierrants (as the fresh water surf fish llh/sn- 

 rofttrpiN Lr<ikUI\ and the species of salmon) from the sea. h 

 of the Same general character as that of the Groat Basin, 

 tbdrigk niost of the species are different, This latter facf 

 worild indicate considerable change, or "evolution," sinct 

 j im ; upfonfa of the two fait no? were last miugled. There is 

 a considerable diffetenee between t he fauna of the Columbia 

 ind that of the SacfatrJer!ta. The species which these twe 

 basins have in common arc chiefly those whicii at times pas? 

 out into the sea. The rivers Of Alaska contain but few spe- 

 barelv a dozen in all, most of those being; also found in 

 Siberia and Kamtschatka. in iho scantiness of its fauna! 

 list, the Yukon agrees with the Mackenzie River, and tht 

 Arctic rivers generally 



There can be no doubt that the general tendency is for 

 each species to extend its range more and more widely unti' 

 all localities suitable for its growth are included. The vari- 

 ous agencies of dispersal which have existed in the past an 

 still in operation. There is apparently no limit to theii 

 action. It Is probable that new "colonies" of one species or 

 another may be pluuted each year in waters not heretofon 

 inhabited by such species. But such colonies become per 

 uent onlv where the Conditions are so fuvoraide that thi 

 species can hold its own in the struggle for food and subsist- 

 ence. That various modifications in the habitat of certain 

 species have been caused by human agencies is, of course, too 

 well known to need discussion here. 



We may next consider the question of water sheds, or bar- 

 riers which separate one river basin from another. 



Of such barriers in the united Stat es, the most important 

 and most effective is unquestionably that of the main chain 

 of the Rocky Mountains. This is due in part to its great 

 height, still more to its great breadth, and most of all, per- 

 haps, to the fact that it is nowhere broken by the passage of 

 a river. But two species — the red throated, or Rocky Moun- 

 tain trout (Salmo my/c/ss Walbaum [=p?/r/mrati(.s Pallas]), 

 _ud the Rocky Mountain whitefish (Cqref/OJWtS wiUiatitstutt 

 Girard)— are found on both sides of it, at least within the 

 limits of the United States; while many genera, and even 

 several families, find in it either an eastern or a western limit 

 to their range. In a few instances representative species, 

 probably modifications or separated branches of the same 

 stock, occur on opposite sides of the rs nge, but there are not 

 many cases of correspondence even thus close. 



It is easy to account for the separation of the faunee; but 

 how shall we explain the almost uuiversal diffusion of the 

 whitefish and the trout in suitable waters on both sides of 

 the dividing ridge? We may notice that these two are the 

 species which ascend highest in the mountains, the white- 

 fish inhabiting the mountain pools and lakes, tne trout as- 

 cmling all brooks aud rapids in search of their fountain- 

 heads. Iu many cases the ultimate dividing range is not 

 veiy broad, and we may imagine that at some time spawn 

 or even young fishes may have been carried across by birds 

 or other animals, or by man — or more likely by the dash of 

 some summer whirlwind. Once carried across in favorable 

 circumstances, the species might survive and spread. 



I have seen an example of now such transfer of species 

 may be accomplished, which shows that we need not be left 

 to draw on the imagination to invent possible means of 

 transit. 



There are few water-sheds in the world better defined than 

 the mountain range which forms the "backbone" of Norway. 

 I lately climbed a peak in this range, the Suletind. From 

 its summit I could look down into the valleys of the Lara 

 and the Biigua. flowing in opposite directions to opposite 

 sides of the" peninsula. To the north of the Suletind is a 

 large double lake called the Sletningenvand. Themapsshow 

 this lake to be one of the chief sources of the westward-flow- 

 ing river Lara. This lake is in August swollen by the melt- 

 ing of the snows, and at the time of my visit it was visibly 

 the source of both tnese rivers. From its southeastern side 

 flowed a large brook into the vallev of the Biigna, and from 

 its southwestern corner, equally distinctly, came the waters 

 which fed the Lara. This lake, like similar mountain ponds 

 in all northern countries, abounds iu trout; aud these trout 

 certainly have for part of the year an uninterrupted line of 

 water communication from the Sognef jord on the west of 

 Norway to the Cbristianiii fjord on the southeast— from the 

 North Sea to the Baltic. Part of the year the lake has prob- 

 ably but a single outlet through the Lara. A higher temper- 

 ature would entirely cut off the flow into the Biigna, and a 

 still higher one might dry up the lake altogether. This 

 Sletningenvand,* with its two outlets on the summit of a 

 sharp water-shed, may serve to show us how other lakes, 

 permanent or temporary, may elsewhere have acted as 

 agencies for the transfer of fislies. We can also see how it 

 might be that certain mountain fishes should be so trans- 

 ferred while the fishes of the upland waters may be left 

 behind. In some such way as this we may imagine the trout 

 and the whitefish to have attained their present wide range 

 in the Rocky Mountain region; and in similar manner per- 



*Since the above was written I have been informed by Professor 

 John M. Coulter, who was one of the first explorers of the Yellow- 

 stone Park, that such a condition still exists on the Rocky Moun- 

 tain Divide. Iu the Yellowstone Park is a marshy tract, travers- 

 able by flshes in the rainy season, and known as the "Two-Ocean 

 Water." In this tract rise tributaries both of the Snake River 

 and of the Yellowstone. Similar conditions apparently exist on 

 other parts of the Divide, both inMontaua and in Wyoming. 



Professor J\.hn C. Brainier calls my attention to a marshy up- 

 land wh.cli separates the valloy of the La Plata from that oi the 

 Amazon, and which permits the free movement of fishes from the 

 Paraguay River to the Tapaj 's. It is well known that through 

 the Oassiquiare River the Rio Negro, another branch of the Ama- 

 zon, is j rined to tue Orinoco Rivor. It is thus evident that almost 

 all the waters of eastern South America form a single basin, ed 

 far as the lisaus are efcmcerned. 



'laps the Eastern brook trout (8'ilvclhi us fontinali* Mitchill) 

 aud some other mountain speciea ( Xat rojrlx mtbrirnoceus 

 Jope; Rhinidilhijs (ttroimsun Mitchill, etc.) may have been 

 larried across the Alleghanies. 



The Sierra Nevada c,i institutes also a very important bar- 

 ker to the diffusion of species. This is. however, broken by- 

 he passage of the Columbia Rlver.and many species thus find 

 ..heir way across it. That the Waters to the west of it are 

 tot unfavorable for the growth of eastern fishes is shown by 

 Che fact of the rapid spread of the common pastern catfish 

 'A mcitirtis nclnilamix he Sueur) or horned pout, when trans- 

 ported from the Schuylkill to the Sacramento,' This fish is 

 now one of the important food fishes of the San Francisco 

 markets. Tt has become, in fact, a special favorite with the 

 'htnamen — himself also au immigrant, and presenting cer- 

 tain analogies with the fish in question, as well in tempera- 

 ment as in habits. 



The mountain mass of Mount Shasta is, as already stated, 

 t considerable barrier to the raugc of fishes.though a number 

 )f speci es fin d th el r way arou n d it t h rough the sea. Thelower 

 inrl irregular ridges) of the Coast Range are of small import- 

 ince in this regard, as the streams of their east slope reach 

 he sea on the Weat through San Francisco Bay. Yet the Sau 

 loariuin contains a few species, not yet recorded, from the 

 anal ler rivers of southwestern California, 



The main chain of the Alleghanies forms a barrier of im- 

 >ortance separating the rich fauna of the Tennessee and 

 Ohio basins from the scantier faunae of the Atlantic streams. 

 STet this barrier is crossed by many more species than is the 

 ^ase with either the Rocky Mountains or the Sierra Nevada. 

 U is lower, narrower and much more broken — as in New 

 York, Pennsylvania and in Georgia there are several streams 

 >vhich pass through It or around it. Tne much greater age 

 of the Alleghany chain, as ram pared with the Rocky Moun- 

 ains, seems not to be an element of any importance in this 

 ■ mi 11, mi inn. Of the fish which cross this chttin, the most im- 

 portant is 'the brook trout (>alvclirain fontimrtiH), which is 

 found in all suitable waters from Hudson's Bay to the head 

 jf the Chattahoo he. A few other species are locally found 

 in the headwaters of certain streams on opposite sides of the 

 range. An example of this is the little red "fall Gsh" (1V0- 

 tropis f ubvlaroceus Cope), found only iu the mountain tribu- 

 taries of the Savannah and the Tennessee. We may suppose 

 the same agencies to have assisted these species that we have 

 imagined in the case of the Rocky Mountain trout, and such 

 igcncies were doubtless more operative iu the times imme- 

 diately following the glacial epoch than they arc now. 



The passage of species from stream to stream along the 

 Atlautic slope deserves a moment's notice. It is, under pres- 

 ent conditions, impossible for any mountain or upland fish, 

 as the trout or the miller's thumb (Cnttus richordsoui 

 Agassiz), to cross from the Potomac River to tho James, or 

 from the Neuse to the Sautee, by descending to the lower 

 courses of the rivers, and thence passing along either 

 through the swamps or by way of the sea. The lower 

 courses of these streams, warm and muddy, are uuhabita> 

 ble by such fishes. Such transfers are, however, possible 

 further north. From the rivers of Canada and from many 

 rivers of New England the trout does descend to the sea 

 aud into the sea, and further north the whitefish does this 

 also. Thus these fishes readily pass from one river basin to 

 mother. As this is the case now every where in the North, 

 it may have been the case further south in the time of the 

 glacial cold. We may, I think, imagine a condition of 

 things in which the snowfields of the AUeghanychaiii might 

 have played some part in aiding the diffusion of cold-loving 

 fishes. A permanent snowfield on the Blue Ridge iu western 

 North Carolina might render almost any stream in the 

 Carolinas suitable for trout, from its source to its mouth. 

 An increased volume of colder water might carry the trout 

 of the head-streams of the Catawba and the Savannah as 

 far down as the sea. We can even imagine that the trout 

 i cached these streams iu the first place through such agen- 

 cies, though on this there is no positive evidence. For the 

 presence of trout in the upper Chattahoochee, we must ac- 

 count in some other way. 



It is noteworthy that the upland fishes are nearly the 

 same in all these streams, until we reach the southern limit 

 of possible glacial iufluence. South of western North Caro- 

 lina, the faunas of the different river basins appear to be 

 more distinet from one another. Certaiu ripple-loving types* 

 are represented by closely related but unquestionably differ- 

 ent species in each river basin, and it would appear that a 

 thorough mingling of the upland species in these rivers has 

 never taken place. 



With the lowland species of the Southern rivers it is dif- 

 ferent. Few of these are confined within narrow limits. 

 The streams of the whole South Atlantic aud Gulf coast 

 flow into shallow bays, mostly bounded by sand spits or 

 sandbars which the rivers tuemselves have brought down. 

 In these bays the waters are often neither fresh nor salt; or 

 rather they are alternately fresh and salt, the former con- 

 dition being that of the winter and spring. Many species 

 descend into these bays, thus finding every faculty for trans- 

 fer from river to river. There is a continuous inland pas- 

 sage in fresh or brackish waters, traversable by such fishes, 

 from Chesapeake Bay nearly to Cape. Fear; and similar con- 

 ditions exist on the coasts of Louisiana, Texas and much of 

 Florida. In Perdido Bay I have found fresh-water minnows 

 LVofropts Goroostiqvna,, Notropis xcenocephuluk) and silver- 

 sides (/. Lihi 'dentil \cs sicculus) livinj; together with marine 

 gobies (Oobiuttoma- inole>tuu>) and salt-water eels {M ijioplus 

 ))U.iictalus). Fresh-water alligator gars (Lepisnstc/ns tris- 

 tranhus) and marine sharks compete for the garbage thrown 

 over from the Pensacola wharves. In Lake Pontchartrain 

 the fauna is a remarkable mixture of fresh-water fishes 

 from the Mississippi and marine fishes from the Gulf. 

 Channel cats, sharks, sea crabs, sunfishes and mullets can 

 all be found there together, it is therefore to be expected 

 that the lowland fauna of all the rivers of the Gulf States 

 would closely resemble that of the lower Missisippi, and 

 this in fact is the case. 



The low and irregular water-shed which separates the 

 tributaries of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie from those of 

 the Ohio is of little importance in determining the range of 

 species. Many of the distinctively Northern fishes are found 

 iu the headwaters of the Wabash and the Scioto. The con- 

 siderable difference in the general fauna of the Ohio Valley 

 as compared with that of the streams of Michigan is due to 

 the higher temperature of the former region, rattier than to 

 any existing barriers between the river aud the Great Lakes. 

 Iu northern Indiana the water-shed is often swampy, and in 

 many places large ponds exist in the early spring. 



At" times of heavy rains many species will move through 

 considerable distances by means of temporary ponds and 

 brooks. Fishes that have thus emigrated often reach places 

 ordinarily inaccessible, and people finding them in such 

 localities often imagine that they have "rained down." 



•■ : The best examples of this are the following; In the Santee 

 basin are found Notropis pyrrlwmtias, Notmpts rn-vcm, and JVotrc- 

 jtU oldotfistAw; in the Altahama, Notropis xatnurus and Notrop ts oal- 

 umnw; iu tne Coattahojciiee, JVotnmfa htwlopterii-is and Notropis 

 c.ui -yxtunux; in the Alabama, Notropte overview, Notropis tiiei>ro ! .s- 

 i, «,s, ami Nidropls coWsMms. in tne Alabama, Escambia, Pearl, and 

 numerous other rivers, is found Notropis aoreostigma. This species 

 descends to the sea in the cool streams of the pine- woods. Its range 

 is wider than that of the others, and in the rivers of Texas it reap- 

 pears in thi form cf a scarcely distinct variety, N,tropis vcuustw. 

 In the Tennessee and Cumberland, and in the rivers of the O^.ark 

 range, is Notropis gulacturuet and in tho upper Arkansas, Notropis 

 cum WU8~- all dial inet species of the same general type. N01 thward, 

 in all the streams from the Potomac 10 the Osv\ ego, and westward 

 1 to the ties Moines and the Arkansas occurs a single species of this 

 J type, Notropis whipplci. But this species is not, known from any 

 of the streams inhabited by any of the otner species meatiionb'd, 

 i although very likely it is the parent stock of them alb 



