Aug. 9, 1888.] 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



43 



Ity, wives and daughters are freely loaned to guests and 

 friends, but for granting favors without the permission 

 of her liege lord, the amorous fair one is often deprived 

 of her nose. 



The strong point of the Indian is his vanity. He will 

 spend hours with the looking glass, surrounded by ad- 

 miring friends, endeavoring to trace a peculiarly becom- 

 ing stripe on his painted face. 



Wealth and poverty have the same distinction in the 

 savage village as in the metropolitan city. The owner 

 of many lodges and horses Eves a life of ease. He has 

 several wiv es and his children are the belles and beaus 

 of the camp. When the camp moves many of his horses 

 may be driven without even carrying a saddle, but that 

 does not prevent his poverty-stricken tribesman from 

 trudging along on foot, carrying his miserable posses- 

 sions on his back. Henky Maodonald. 



TO A BROWN LINNET. 



A WILD, sweet note 

 From a little, brown throat, 

 As if the murmur of brooks were in it; 

 The song he sings 

 Of the wild wood rings. 

 And this the song of my little linnet! 



Such ripples and trills! 



Ah! my own heart thrtl Is 

 As the quick, notes hurry and hasten along; 



That I too may share, 



Sweet bird of the air. 

 Thy pure, wild melody, rich and strong! 



No touch as of pain 



In thy glad refrain, 

 Thou singest as if thy heart o'erflewed! 



Nothing but gladness. 



No hint of sadness, 

 Only joyously praising thy God! 



Merrily ringing, 



Cheerily singing. 

 Saying to the sad of heart "Be of good cheer! 



God taught me to siug 



Tbe message I bring, 

 The bright star of hope draweth anear!" 



A pure, clear note 



From a tiny throat, 

 With the rippling murmur of streams within it; 



The song he sings 



Of the woodland rings, 

 And this the song of my little linnet! 



L. A. F. 



THE UNITED STATES RODENTIA. 



[With an Introduction to the Study op the Order,] 

 by r. w. shufeldt, m.d., c.m.z.s. 



HAVING completed my sketches of the ungulate ani- 

 mals which occur in our United States fauna, we 

 come next to the consideration of our Rodents, and the 

 enumeration of them presents a very formidable array. 

 We would naturally look for this, as the group is, gener- 

 ally speaking, an extensive one in most countries, and 

 Professor Flower says of it, that "the Rodents form a 

 very compact order, 'readily distinguished by their large 

 chisel-shaped incisors, and by the absence of canines. 

 They include by far the greatest number of species (over 

 900)* and have the widest distribution of any of the orders 

 of terrestrial mammals, being in fact cosmopolitan, al- 

 though more abundant in some parts, as in South Amer- 

 ica, which may be considered their headquarters, than in 

 others, as in Australia and Madagascar, where represen- 

 tatives of a few genera of one family (Muridce) only are 

 found, thus contrasting remarkably with the Insectivora, 

 which constitute at least half of the mammalian fauna of 

 Madagascar, but are without living representatives in 

 South America." 



In the present contribution it will be my aim to give 

 the reader a general sketch of the leading structural 

 characteristics of the Rodentia, with other matters per- 

 taining to the group as a whole. I will also present the 

 entire Order, as it is given in the Provisional "List" of 

 the U. S. National Museum, so that after this has been 

 done we may consider ourselves at liberty in future con- 

 tributions to illustrate the Order by life histories of the 

 most prominent species of the various genera and fami- 

 lies, and this, too, without constantly referring back to 

 the "List." 



To continue, then, this latter we find the Order Ungu- 

 late followed by the 



Order RODENTIA. Rodents. 

 Suborder SIMPLICIDENTATA. 

 Family ScruRrms:. The Squirrels. 



Arctomys pruinosm, Gmelin. Hoary Marmot. Columbia River 

 northward to Alaska and (?) eastward to Hudson's Bay. 



Arcbmvjs monax (Linne), Schreber. Woodchuck. Eastern region 

 of the United States and northward. 



Arctomys flaviventcr, Aud. and Bach. Rocky Mountain Mnrmot. 

 Texas, Sonoran region and northward in the Rocky Mountains. 



Qunomys CQMmMakm< (Ord.) Allen. Western Barking Squirrel; 

 i n "Prairie Dog." Rocky Mountain region. 



Cynomys ludovicianus, (Ord.) Baird. Missouri Barking Squirrel; 

 Missouri "Prairie Dog." Central region from 49° N. lat. 

 southward into Mexico. 



Tamia»st/riaius (Linne), Baird. Striped Squirrel; Common Chip- 

 munk. Eastern region of the United States to Canada. 



Tamias lateralis, (Say) Allen. Say's Chipmunk. Central region 

 west of Kansas and Nebraska and northward. 



Tamias asiaticus borealis, Allen. Northern Chipmunk. North- 

 western North America southward to the United States. 

 Europe. Asia. 



■Tamias asiaticus lotvuscncii, (Bachman) Allen. Townsend*s Chip- 

 munk. Northern California to British Columbia. 



Tamias asiaticus pcdlidus, Allen, Pale Chipmunk. Plains of Upper 

 Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers and Great Basin. 



Tamias asiat km quadivittatus, (Say) Allen. Rocky Mountain Chip- 

 munk. Centra] region west of the Rocky Mountains. South- 

 ern California region and Northern Mexico. 



Tamias asiaticus dormlis, (Baird) Allen. Gila Chipmunk. New 

 Mexico, Nevada and Arizona. 



Tamias harrisi, (Aud. and Bach.) Allen. Harris's Chipmunk. 

 Sonoran and Lower Californian regions. 



Spermophilus grammaras 'jrammurus, (Say) Allen. Rocky Moun- 

 tain Lined-tailed Spermophile. Colorado and Western Texas, 

 southward into Mexico and westward to the Sierra Nevadas. 



Spermophilus grammurus douglassi, (Richardson) Allen. Douglas' 



Lined-tailed Spermophile; Oregon "Ground Squirrel." Wash- 

 ington Territory to northern California. 

 Spcrmophihm aramm v-rns bcceheyi, (Richardson) Allen. California 

 Lined-tailed Spermophile; California "Ground Squirrel." 

 California and southward into Mexico. 

 Sp&mgpliihts empctra empctra, (Pallas) Allen. Parry's Spermo- 

 phile. Northern North America. 

 Spermophilus cmpttra eryllerogiutirus, (Richardson) Allen. Red- 

 throated Spermophile. Northern North America. 

 Spermophilus empctra hoiliaccnsis, (Allen). Kodiak .Spermophile. 

 Kodiak, Alaska. 



Spermophilus richardso)ri richardseaei, (Sabine) Allen. Richard- 

 son's Spermophile. Northwestern United States northward. 



Spermophilus rieiuerdsean towiisendi, (Bachman) Allen. Towns- 

 end's Spermophile. Northwestern United States. 



Spcrmopldlus ohsolclus, Kennicott. Kennicotl's Spermophile. 

 Northern Central Region. 



Spcrmoph dm mollis, Kennicott. Short-tailed Spermophile. Central 

 region from Rocky Mountains westward. 



Spermophilus spilosoma, Bennett. Sonoran Spermophile. New 

 Mexico and Texas to Mexico. 



Spermophilus teret ieaudus, Baird. Port Yuma Spermophile. Fort 

 Yuma, California. 



Spermophilus mexicanus, (Lieht.) Wagner. Mexican Spermophile. 

 Southern Texas iuto northeastern Mexico. 



Spermoplrilus tridecimlincaUrs lridrei.mlinea.us, (Mitchell) Allen. 

 Eastern Striped Spermophile. Central and eastern regions to 

 Ohio. 



Spermophilus tridccimlineatus pallidas, (Mitchell) Allen. Pale 

 Striped Spermophile. Northwestern portion of the central 

 region. 



Spermophilus franldini, (Sabine.) Lesson. Franklin's Spermophile; 

 Cray-headed Spermophile. Upper Mississippi Valley; New 

 Jersey (introduced). 

 Spermophilus icnnuledus. And. and Bach. Annulated-tailed Sper- 

 mophile. Western Mexico. 

 Sciunishuelsoniushudsuuius, (Pallas) Allen. Eastern Chickaree. 

 Red Squirrel. Eastern and central regions east of the Rocky 

 Mountains, northward to Alaska. 

 Sciurus hudsairius fremonti, (Aud. and Bach.) Allen. Fremont's 

 Chickaree. Central region, from Rocky Mountains westward 

 and north to southern Wyoming and Idaho. 

 Sciurus hudsunius richardsoni, (Bachman) Alien. Richardson's 

 Chickaree. Western Montana and uorthcrn Idaho northward. 

 Sciurus hudsouius dmajlassi, (Gray) Allen. Douglass's Chickaree. 



Pacific region from central California northward. 

 Sciurus earnli.ne.nsis leueotis (Gapper) Allen. Northern Gray 



Squirrel. Eastern region. 

 Sciurus euroHnensis citrolincnsis, (Gmelin) Allen. Southern Gray 



Squirrel. Austroriparian region, Mexico and southward. 

 Sciurus carolinensis yucatanensis, Allen. Yucatan Gray Squirrel. 

 Yucatan. 



Sciurus nicjer cinercus, (Linne) Allen. Northern Fox Squirrel. 

 Atlantic coast from southern New England to Georgia. 



Sciurus nigcr uiger, (LinneJ Allen. Southern Fox Squirrel. Ma- 

 ryland to Louisiana. 



Sciurus niger ludoviehenus, (Custis) Allen. Western Fox Squirrel. 

 Basin of the Mississippi and tributaries. 



Sciurus fossor, Peale. California Gray Squirrel. Pacific region, 

 from Oregon southward. 



Sciurus abcrii, Woodhouse. Albert's Squirrel. Colorado and 

 Arizona to northern Mexico. 



Sciurus arizonciisis, Coues. Arizona Squirrel. Arizona to Mexico. 



Sciurus aurcogastcr, F. Cuvier, Red-bellied Squirrel. California 

 to Guatemala. 



Sciurus griseoflavus, (Gray) Alston. Mexico to Guatemala. 

 Sciurus hypopyrrlrws, Wagler. Fire-bellied Squirrel. Mexico to 

 Panama. 



Sciurus deppei, Peters, Deppe's Squirrel. Mexico, Guatemala 

 and Columbia. 



Sciurus eestuaiis rafa-niger, Linne) Allen. Nicaragua to Brazil. 

 Sciurus chrysurm, Pucherau. Panama to Columbia. 

 Sciurus variabilis, Geoffrey. Peruvian Squirrel. Panama to Bo- 

 livia. 



Sciuropterus volueeUa hudsonius (Gmelin), Allen. Northern Fly- 

 ing Squirrel. Northern part of California and Pacific regions 

 to the Rocky Mountains and northward. 

 Sciuropterus valuc.clla volueeUa (Pallas), Allen. Southern Flying 

 Squirrel. United States except the. northwestern portion, 

 Mexico and G uatemala. 



Family Haplodootid^e. The Sexvellds. 



Haplodon rufus (Raf.), Coues. Sewellel. Pacific Coast from north- 

 ern California northward. 



Family Castorid^e. The Beavers. 



Castor fiber, Linne. Beaver. North American generally; Hud- 

 son's Bay to Mexico. 



Fam ily Muawsu. Tlie Mice, 



Fiber zibethicus (Linne), Cuvier. Muskrat. North America. 

 Neo fiber alleni. True. Round-tailed Muskrat. Southern Florida 

 (Georgiana). 



Cuniculus torquedus (Pallas). Coues. AVhite Lemming. Arctic 

 America, Greenland, and corresponding latitudes of the Old 

 World. 



Myodes obensis, Brants. Lemming. Northwestern North Amer- 

 ica, Asia. 



Synaptomys coopcri, Baird. Cooper's Mouse. Indiana, Illinois, 



Kansas, Minnesota, Oregon and Alaska. 

 Evotomysrutilus (Pallas), Coues. Red-backed Mouse. Circumpolar 



regions. 



Evotomys rutttus gapperi (Vigors), Coues. Gapper's Mouse. North- 

 ern frontier of United States from ocean to ocean, Nova Scotia, 

 south to Massachusetts. 



Arvicola pine Umum (L<3 Conte), Baird. Pine Mouse. United States 

 east of the Mississippi from Massachusetts southward, Kan- 

 sas, Oregon and Mexico. 



Arvicola quasiatcr, Coues. Mexico. 



Arvicola austerus, Le C. Prairie Meadow Mouse. Western States 



and adjoining Territories, Louisiana. 

 Arvicola austerus curtatus, (Cope). Western Prairie Mouse. 



United States west of the Mississippi. 

 Arvicola orcgonus, Bachman. Oregon Meadow Mouse. Pacific 



coast. 



Arvicola ripa r ius borealis, (Rich.) Coues. Little Northern Meadow 



Mouse. British America. 

 Arvicola riparius riparius, (Ord). Common American Meadow 



Mouse. All North America. 

 Arvicola xanthognedhus, Leach. Chestnut-cheeked Meadow Mouse. 



North America north of the United States. 

 Arvicola townsendi, Bachman. Townsend's Meadow Mouse. 



Oregon and Washington Territory. 

 Arvicola mexicanus, De Saussure. Mexico. 

 Hesperomys palustris, (Harlan) Baird. Ricefield Mouse. South 



Atlantic and Gulf States; Kansas, Mexico and Guatemala; 



West Indies. 



Hesperomys couesi, Alston. Mexico and Guatemala. 



Hesperomys leucogaster, (Max zu Wied). Missouri Mole Mouse. 

 Region of the Upper Missouri, Red River of the North. 



Hesperomys torridUS, Coues. Arizona Mole Mouse. Arizona. 



Hesperomys leucopus leucopus, (Le Conte) Coues. White-footed 

 Mouse. United States generally. 



Hesperomys leucopus gossypinus, (Le Conte) Coues. South Atlan- 

 tic States; Kansas. 



Hesperomys leucopus souoriensis, (Le Conte) Coues. Western Cen- 

 tral North America from Alaska to Mexico. 



Hesperomys leucnpus tremiats, (Baird) Coues. Desert Mouse. 

 Valley of the Gila and Colorado Rivers. 



Hesperomys michiganensis, (A & B) Wagner. Michigan Mouse. 

 Upper Mississippi Valley. 



Hesperomys ealifoniivm, (Gambel) Baird. Parasite Mouse. South- 

 ern California and Mexico. 



Hesperomys aztecus, De Saussure. Aztec Mous«. California to 

 Mexico. 



Hesperomys mexicanus, De Saussure. Mexico. 



Hesperomys aureolus, (Aud. & Bach.) Wagner. Red Mouse; Gol- 

 den Mouse. Central and Southern States to Mexico. 



Hesperomys melanophrys, Coues. Black-eyed Mouse. Southern 

 Mexico. 



Hesperomys tecpiina, Alston. Guatemala. 

 Hesperomys midicaudus, Peters. Guatemala. 

 Hesperomys panamenis. Gray. Panama and Colombia. 

 Hesperomys sumiehrasti, De Saussure. Mexico and Guatemala. 

 Hesperomi/s pUorides (Desmarest). Antilles. 



Ochetodon humilis (Bach.), Coues. Little Harvest Mouse. Missis- 

 sippi Valley and Gulf States to Mexico. 



Ochetodon longieauda (Baird), Coues. California? Guatemala. 



Ochetodon mexicanus (De S.), Coues. Louisiana to Mexico and 

 Guatemala. 4 



lOchetodon montanus, Baird. (Doubtful species.) Rocky Moun- 

 tains, lat. 39°. 



Sigmodon hispidus. Say and Ord. Cotton Rat. Southern United 



States to Panama. 

 Neotoma cinerea (Ord), Baird. Bushy-tailed Wood Rat . Western 



and Northwestern North America; eastward to Hudson's 

 Bay, Nebraska and Colorado; southward to New Mexico and 

 California. 



Neotoma. fiorklana (Ord), Coues. Wood Rat. Southern United 

 States and northern Mexico. Rarely northward to Massachu- 

 setts and northern Missouri. 

 Neotoma fuscipes, Cooper. Dusky -footed Wood Rat. California 



and northern Mexico. 

 Neotoma ferruginca, Tomes. Mexico and Guatemala. 



Family Geomyidje. Tlie Gophers. 



Thmnomys clusius, Coues. Rocky Mountain Pocket-Gopher. Rocky 

 Mountains. 



Thmnomys Udpoides talpoides (Richardson), Coues. Northern 

 Pocket-Gopher. Central region and northward. 



Thnrmnny* talpoides bulhivorua (Richardson), Coues. Pacific 

 Pocket Gopher. Pacific region. 



Thamomys talpOides umbrinus (Richardson), Coues. Southern 

 Pocket - Gopher. Lower California and Sonoran regions. 

 Southern central region. Texan district. 



<;> omys tuza (Ord), Coues. Salamander. Florida Pocket-Gopher. 

 Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 



(leomns bursarius (Shaw), Richardson). Common Pocket-Gopher. 

 Eastern Missippj Valley and northward. 



(leomys casta naps (Baird), Le Conte. Pecos. Chestnut Pocket- 

 Gopher. Texas and New Mexico, 



tleomyx mexicanus (Licht.), Baird. Tucali. Mexican Pocket- 

 Gopher. Mexico. 



(leomys hispidus, Le Conte. Quackil. Central American Pocket- 

 Gopher, Mexico and Central America. 



Family Saccomytdje. The Pouched Rats. 



Perogmdltus woof tro/<(, Baird. Mountain Pocket Mouse. Utah to 



northern GaUitbriaa, 

 I'criK.putthuti j>enicdli<dus, Woodhouse. Tuft-tailed Pocket Mouse. 



Basin of the Colorado River. 

 f'crogmdhus fascialus. Max zu Wied. United States, between the 



Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains, northorn Mexico. 

 I'< rogmdhus liispidus, Baird. Hispid Pocket Mouse. Tamaulipas, 



Mexico. 



Crlcetodipus parvus, Baird. Least Pocket Mouse. United States, 

 west of the Rocky Mountains. 



Cricrtodipus Jlavus, Baird. Yellow Pocket Mouse. Rocky Moun- 

 tain region southward into Mexico. 



Dipodomys phillipsi ordii (Woodhouse), Coues. Ord's Pocket Rat. 

 "Kangaroo Rat." Rocky Mountain region. 



Dipodomys t>ltillipsi phillipsi (Gray). Phillip's Pocket Rat. "Kan- 

 garoo Rat." Washington Territory to Mexico. 



Heteromys an wialus (Thompson). Antilles and Trinidad. 



Hetcromys longieeiudatus. Gray. Mexico to Venezuela. 



Heteromys desmarcstianus. Gray. Guatemala. 



Family Zapodidje. T7;e Jumping Mice. 



Zapus /iHcJsonius,;Coues. North America generally. 



Family OctodontiDjB. 



Caprornys brach gurus. Jamaica. 

 Capromys prchensilis, Poeppig. Cuba. 

 Capromys melanurus, Poey. Cuba. 

 Capromys pilar ides, Say. Cuba. 



Plagiodord'ut a:dium, F. Cuvier. Hayti and Jamaica. 



Family Hystricxd^e. Tlie Pevrcupives 



Erelhrizon dorsatus dorsatus, '(Linne) Allen. Canada Porcupine- 

 New England and Ohio northwestward. 

 Ertthrizon dorsatus epixanthus, (Brandt) Allen. Western Porcu- 

 pine. Central California and Sonoran region, northward into 

 Alaska, southward into Mexico. 

 Synctheres mexicanus, (Kerr) Alston. Mexico to Costa Rica. 



Family CaviidjB. Cavtes. 



Dasyprocta mexicana,I)e Saussure. Mexico. 

 Dasyprocta cristata, (Geoffrey) Desmarest. West Indies. 

 Dasyprocta punctata. Gray. Mexico to Costa Rica. 

 Dasyprocta isthmica, Alston. Costa Rica and Panama. 



SUBORDER DUPLICIDENTATA. 



Family Lagomyid^. The Pikas. 



Lagomys princess, Richardson. North American Pika. Central 

 aud Carolinian regions, from the Rocky Mountains westward, 

 in the highest regions. 



Family Leporidjb. The Hares. 



Lepus timidus, Linne. Polar Hare. Europe, North America, 

 from Labrador northwestward to the Arctic coast. 



Lepus americernus amerieanus, (Erxleben; Allen, Northern Vary- 

 ing Hare. New England and Middle States northward. 



Lepus americ.anu$ cirgi)iianus, (Harlan) Allen. Southern Varying 

 Hare. (?) Pennsylvania northward. 



Lepus amerieanus bairdii, (Hayden) Allen. Rocky Mountains 

 Varying Hare. Summits of the Rocky Mountains. 



Lepus washingtoni, (Baird) Allen. Western Varying Hare> 

 Northwestern North America. 



Lepus sylvedieus syivatk-us, (Bachman) Allen. Wocd Hare; "Gray 

 Rabbit," "Wood Rabbit." United States generally. Mexico. 



Lepus sylvaticus auduhoni, (Baird) Allen. Audubon's Hare. Cal- 

 ifornia. 



Lepus sylvedieus a.rizoncc, Allen. Desert Hare. Southern Arizona. 

 Kernville, Cal. 



Lepus sylvedieus nuttalli. (Bachman) Allen. Sage Hare. Central 



and Donovan regions, Mexico, 

 Lepus campestris, Bachman. Prairie Hare. Northwestern United 



States from Kansas westward to northern California, north-* 



ward to British Columbia. 

 Lepus trowbrklgci, Baird. Trowbridge's Hare. Pacific and lower 



California regions south of Oregon. 

 Lepus californicus, Gray. California Hare. California to Cape 



St. Lucas. 



Lepus aepudicus, Bachman. Water Hare. Austroriparian region 



from Alabama south west ward into Mexico. 

 Lepus peduslris. Bachman. Marsh Hare. Austroriparian region 



to Guatemala. 



Lepus calledis tcxianus, ( Waterhouse) Allen. Central and Sonoran 

 regions, south of Oregon. Texan district. Mexico. 



Lepus ccdlotis ccdlotis, (Waglei) Allen. Mexican Hare; Southern 

 Jackass Hare. Southern boundary of the United States 

 southward. 



Lepus graysoni, Allen. Grayson's Hare. Mexico and Costa Rica. 

 Lepus braxiliensi* geebbi, Allen. Central American Hare. Costa 



Rica to Columbia. 

 Lepus brasiliensis brasilioisis, (Linne) Allen. Brazilian Hare, 



Tapeti. Central America southward. 



Since the above "List" was published I have written 

 Dr. True to ascertain how many rodents have been added 

 to our fauna since he published it, and in response to rny 

 request he has very kindly furnished me the desired in- 

 formation, and says they are as follows: 



Sciurus caroKriensis Jiypophceus, Merriam. 



Tamias striatus lysteri, Merriam. 



Tamias viacrorhabdotes, Merriam. 



Haplodon major, Merriam. 



Arvicola pallidas, Merriam. 



Hesperomys anthonyi, Merriam. 



Hesperomys truei, Shufeldt. 



Hesperomys taylori, Thomas. 



Neotoma bryanti, Merriam. 



Tliomomys talpoides perpallidus, Merriam. 



Dipodomys deserti, Stephens. 



Which, as will be seen, forms quite an extensive addi- 

 tion, and which brings the "List" given fully up to the 

 present writing. 



From this formidable array of North American rodents 

 it will be seen that we have actually in our United States 

 fauna no less than three species of marmots, including 

 the well-known woodchuck of the Eastern States; two 

 species of "prairie dog" or barking squirrel; eight species 

 of [those gophers known as spermophiles; thirteen true 

 tree squirrels, and finally, to complete this handsome 

 family, two lovely species of flying-squirrels. We have 

 a sewellel and the beaver; with the Muridce represented 

 by two muskrats, two lemmings, no less than twenty- 



