14 Deductive Gramology. 



explored. This leads me to speak of the probable time, place, 

 and manner of the evolution of man, which will form the subject 

 of the next paper. 



Deductive Craniology. 



Just as the structure of the limb bones of the horse have 

 suggested that of the limbs of its ancestor, so a study of 

 the human skull, in its various race-types, may, in my opinion, 

 suggest the pedigree of the race to which a given human skull 

 belongs. 



At least a comparison of the projection-outlines of skulls 

 similarly posed and assimilated to one standard of measure- 

 ment, has enabled me to construct a series of intermediate forms 

 between ape skulls and human skulls, taken respectively as the 

 extremes of a type having certain broad characteristics in 

 common. 



Posing the skulls so that the basi-alveolar line is horizontal, 

 I make careful projection-outlines. Then I enlarge or diminish 

 the drawings so as to reduce them all to a uniform perpendicular 

 height, from the glabella to the basi-alveolar line. I then super- 

 pose a tracing of an ape skull over the drawing of a human 

 skull so that the lines in each, which represent the altitude of 

 the glabella, shall coincide. This enables me to see whether 

 the skulls are in any way resembling each other, while showing 

 at a glance the relative prognathism and cranial development. 

 This method enables me further to construct intermediate links 

 to an almost unlimited extent, when the types of an ape and a 

 human skull are found to resemble each other. 



Plates are here given, illustrating the method and its results. 

 The agreement between the orang and Andamanese skulls, 1 in 

 comparative smoothness of forehead and great breadth in the 

 occipital region, has seemed to warrant my use of the orang 

 skull as a basis from which to deduce ancestral forms of the 

 Andamanese skull. By this I do not wish to be understood as 

 contending that the ancestors of the Andamanese were orangs, 

 but merely to suggest that their skulls may have been orang-like 

 in the characteristics above named. 



1 The drawing of the Andamanese skull is copied from a plate in the "Journal 

 of the Anthropological Institute " for November, 1879, in connection with 

 Professor Flower's paper on " The Osteology and Affinities of the Natives of 

 the Andaman Islands." The drawing of the orang's skull is taken from an 

 actual specimen. 



