8 



Man compared with 



is from 5 to 7, in the apes, and in man only 2. The number of 

 false vertebra in the tail is from 4 to 26 in the lower monkeys, 

 while in the apes it is from 4 to 5. In man the number is 4. 

 The true and false vertebra? in the tail of the lower monkeys is 

 thus from 9 to 33. In the apes it is from 6 to 8. In man from 

 6 to 7, but usually 6. 



Man and the apes agree in having a tail about the same length, 

 whicb, like the hind limbs of some whales, never, or very rarely, 

 comes out to the surface, but is utilised for the support of the 

 viscera in the upright posture. Or, if it be desirable to repudiate 

 man's possession of a tail, then the same compliment — if it be 

 a compliment — must be paid to all the apes, namely, the gibbon, 

 the orang, the chimpanzee, and gorilla. 



Tlic Thorax. 



Concerning the Thorax, it is composed of 11 to 15 pairs of 

 ribs in the inferior monkeys ; 13 pairs in the lowest ape and in 

 the chimpanzee and gorilla; 12 pairs in the orang and in man, 

 though in some cases there are 13 pairs in man. 



The chest in the inferior monkey is widest from back to front. 

 In the apes it is widest from side to side ; and this is also the 

 case with man. The breastbone is flat in man and the apes, 

 while in the inferior monkeys it is only flat at the top. 



The Pelvis. 



There is also a noteworthy approximation to man in the pro- 

 portions of the pelvis in apes. While the quadrupeds, inferior 

 monkeys, and lowest apes have the pelvis longer than it is broad, 

 the breadth exceeds the length in the three highest apes as in 

 man. 



Tlie Extremities} 



If the thigh and leg bones be supposed divided into 100 parts 

 the proportion of the arm and fore-arm are as follows : — In the 

 orang, 1404 ; the chimpanzee, 108"2 ; the gorilla, 10T3 ; in man, 

 68'9. Thus it will be seen that while in man the ixpper extremi- 

 ties are shorter than the lower ; in the gorilla they are equal ; in 

 the chimpanzee they are a little longer ; while in the orang they 

 are considerably longer. In the gibbon, it may be remarked, 

 they are longest of all. Thus the gorilla comes nearest to man 

 in the proportion of the upper to the lower limbs. 



If the fore-arm be similarly compared with the arm by sup- 

 posing the humerus divided into 100 parts, then the radius is 

 100 in the orang ; 90'1 in the chimpanzee ; 77'1 in the gorilla ; 

 and 751 in man. Here, again, the gorilla comes nearest to man. 



1 The measurements here given are averages extracte'l from Topinard's 

 " Anthropology," translated by Dr. Bnrtley. (Chapman & Hall.) 



