MU. L. WINTER ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE OLIVE, 51 
2. Varieties reproducing themselves truly by seed, but not so 
freely as the Olivastro, and having the fruit less bitter. Under this 
head may be placed the following : — 
a. Fignuole. — Branches greyish ; leaves lanceolate, acute; fruits 
when ripe almost round, affording an oil of rather strong 
flavour. There are hundreds of these trees on the Capo 
Martino, near Mentone, quite wild. 
0. Columha'ire (Genoese dialect). — Branches brownish ; leaves 
varying in shape, but mostly obtuse ; fruit large, somewhat 
pointed. 
»y. Spagnuole. — Fruit more elongated than the preceding. 
These forms, «. (3. <y., vary more or less inter se. 
3. Varieties not reproducing themselves truly by seed, but 
returning to the Olivastro. That these varieties degenerate when 
propagated by seed is the general assertion among the people here ; 
but regular experiments have never, I think, been carried on, for 
raising the plant by seed is not advantageous, suckers being of 
more rapid growth. In this division I would place two varieties, 
viz. : — 
«. Nilane. — Fruit large, oblong. This occurs in abundance as 
far west as Cannes, whence along the whole French coast of 
the Mediterranean another Olive with still larger fruit is 
cultivated 
3. Punginaire. — This is another variety which we have in this 
country. It has long Willow-like leaves, and produces a 
very large pointed fruit, chiefly preferred for salting. 
The propagation of Olive-trees belonging to this third division 
is effected by cleft-grafting on the stem of the Olivastro at about six 
inches above the ground. When the scion has taken, earth is 
heaped around it, so as to stimulate it to shoot out roots. After 
three or four years the little tree begins to fruit, and arrived at an 
age of about twenty to twenty-five years, the roots which have 
been thrown out by the graft send up suckers, any which come 
from those of the parent Olivastro being of course extirpated. 
These suckers, when about two years old, will be strong enough to 
bear separation from the parent root and to be planted as independent 
trees. Such young trees fruit in throe to five years after planting. 
When a sucker is thrown out from a large naked' root, it may be 
surrounded by a heap of earth, into which it will strike roots, and 
in due time may be separated as already explained. 
The quality of the oil obtained from tlie cultivated Olive very 
