Tools and Conveniences of the Year. 



181 



chanical skill, but from the improper application of the force 

 at hand with the resistance to be overcome, that a little ex- 

 planation here of the philosophy of power and resistance may 



not be amiss. If the 

 cistern is situated n 

 feet below A, a weight 

 I 9- of 5 pounds has to be 



lifted per square inch, 

 and as the cylinder has an area of 4.9 square inches, 24.5 

 pounds have to be lifted at every stroke (it has, however, 

 greater resistance to overcome, and if the barrel is to be 21 

 feet high, there is a resistance of 49 pounds against 24.5 lift- 

 ing, not counting the friction). If the leverage from the ful- 

 crum or center of the wheel (a wheel being only a continuous 

 lever) is seven times greater than the distance from the center 

 to the end of the crank, one pound power is able to overcome 

 seven pounds resistance, consequently the animal should weigh 

 one-seventh of 49 pounds, or seven pounds, but considering 

 all outside influences, friction, etc., he ought to weigh 12 or 

 14 pounds." — L. L. Esenhozver, in Popular Gardening, May, iyi. 



Lightning Lawn Edger. — (Fig. 19.) A patented device, 

 consisting of a revolving cutting disc, for trimming sod bor- 

 ders. — Charles Ever ding, Branford, Conn. 



Frost Protectors. — (Fig. 20, page 178.) Two devices, 

 patented, for making a coal-tar smudge for protection from 

 frost. The tar is held above the fire and drips down onto it. — 

 Popular Gardening, June, 204. 



Seed Testers. — (Figs. 21 and 22, page 182.) Two good 

 and cheap lenses to aid in the detection of impurities and adul- 

 terations in seeds are offered by the Whitney -Noyes Seed Com- 

 pany, Binghamton, N. Y. 



Chandler's Patent Indestructible Copper Label. — (Fig. 



23.) A service- ^ 



able and durable c § g 



label, with tag <— — ^ZL___ >1 ^ -rr- 



ends tor secur- 



ing it to the Fig. 23. 



plant. The name 



or description of the plant or tree can be written or indented 

 on the label easily and legibly with a lead pencil or other 



