THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 



85 



The gizzard is most highly developed, and of a deep-red 

 color, in the Seratchers and flat-billed Swimmers (as Fowls 

 and Swans); but comparatively thin and feeble in Birds 

 of Prey (as the Eagle). 

 The gizzard is follow- 

 ed by the intestines, 

 which are longer than 

 those of Reptiles : the 

 small intestine begins 

 with a loop (the duo- 

 denum), and is folded 

 several times upon it- 

 self ; the large intestine 

 is short and straight, 

 terminating in the sole 

 outlet of the body, the 

 cloaca. A liver and 

 pancreas are always 

 attached to the upper 

 part of the small in- 

 testine. 



The alimentary ca- 

 nal in Mammals is 

 clearly separated into 

 four distinct cavities: 

 the pharynx, or throat; 

 the oesophagus, or gul- 

 let ; the stomach ; and 

 the intestines. 



The pharynx is more Fig. 50. —Digestive Apparatus of the Fowl: 1, 

 tongue; 2, pharynx; 3, 5, oesophagus; 4, crop; 

 Complicated than in 6, proventriculus ; 7, gizzard ; 8, 9, 10, duodenum ; 

 jy> i Tf * -p I 11,12, small intestine ; 13, two caeca (analogue of 



I5iraS. It IS a lUIinel- t ^ e co \ on of mammals); 14, their insertion into 



Shaped bag;, having the int <f inal *jbe ; 15 rectum ; 16 cloaca; IT, 

 r P* o anus ; 18, mesentery ; 19, 20, left and right lobes 



Seven Openings lead- of lively 21, gall-bladder; 22, insertion of pan- 



creatic and biliary ducts; 23, pancreas; 24, lung; 

 ing into it: tW T from 25, ovary; 26, oviduct. 



