292' 



COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 



sands in the winged Insects). 



They are never placed on 

 movable stalks, as the 

 Lobster's. Besides 

 these, there are three 

 simple eyes, called 

 „ ocelli. The mouth 

 may be fitted for bit- 

 ing (masticatory) , as 

 in Beetles, or for suck- 

 ing (suctorial), as in 

 Butterflies. The mas- 

 ticatory type, which 

 is the more complete, 

 and of which the other 

 "7 is but a modification, 

 consists of four horny 

 jaws (mandibles and 

 rnaxillee) and an up- 

 per and an under lip 

 (labrum and labium). 

 Sensitive palpi (max- 

 illary and labial) are 

 developed from the 

 lower jaw and lower 

 lip. The labium is 

 also prolonged into a 

 ligula, or tongue. 



The legs are invari- 

 ably six in the adult, 

 the fore -legs direct- 

 ed forward and the 

 hinder pairs back- 

 ward. Each consists 

 of a hip, thigh, shank, 

 and foot. 152 Some larvse have also " false legs," without 



Fig. 262.— Under surface of a Beetle (Harpalus cali- 

 ginosus) : a, ligula ; b, paraglossae ; c, supports of 

 labial palpi ; d, labial palpus ; e, mentura ; /, in- 

 ner lobe of maxilla ; g, outer lobe ; h, maxillary 

 palpus; mandible; k, buccal opening; Z, gula, 

 or throat : m, buccal sutures ; n, gular suture ; o, 

 prosternum ; p, episternum of prothorax ; p f , epi- 

 meron ; g, q', q'\ coxae ; r, r, r, trochanters ; .9, 

 a\ s", femora, or thighs ; t, t\ t", tibae ; v, ventral 

 abdominal segments ; w, episterna of mesothorax ; 



mesosternum ; j/, episterna of metathorax ; y\ 

 epimeron ; 2, metasternum. 



