1904.] Planting Fruit Trees and Bushes. 457 



by frost, and there the Ciipressns Lawsoniana may be recom- 

 mended instead. A single row of trees is not a sufficient wind- 

 break where gales are violent, and it is a good plan to plant a 

 triple row : damsons inside, Cupressus trees in the middle, and 

 Canadian poplars outside. 



Besides tall trees as windbreaks, the lower shelter of a dense 

 fence is desirable. On most farms these are already provided, 

 and regular brushing will thicken those which are gappy or thin 

 at the bottom. For making a new fence quickly, or for filling 

 up gaps, the Myrobalan plum is one of the quickest of growers,, 

 and a shrub which may be made to grow densely by early 

 pruning and subsequent brushing. It is also good for the road- 

 side to keep out trespassers, though not equal in that respect to 

 the slower-growing whitethorn. One of the best of evergreen 

 fences may be formed with the Euonymus, where it is not 

 liable to destruction by frost, as it is in the bleakest parts of the 

 country. Many other trees and shrubs are suitable for shelter- 

 ing purposes, and it is advisable to select those which are 

 known to flourish where fruit planting is to be carried on. 



With respect to the extent of planting at any one time, it is 

 desirable to point out that the capital required for extensive 

 operations is considerable. It is not only the expense of pre- 

 paring and manuring the land and the purchase and planting of 

 trees and bushes that have to be estimated. At least as much 

 should be allowed for the annual loss on a plantation before it 

 comes into profit. From five to six years from the time of 

 planting will usually elapse before the plantation comes into 

 profit, and in the meantime the expenses of cultivation, spray- 

 ing, pruning, manuring, picking, and marketing, with rent or 

 interest on capital, tithe (if the land is owned by the planter), 

 rates, and taxes, will greatly exceed the returns. Thus every 

 acre planted is taken out of the area of a farm which, under 

 ordinary cropping, might yield an annual profit. No fixed 

 estimate of the amount of capital that will be sunk can be 

 given, as it will vary with the condition of the land, the stamina 

 of the trees and bushes when planted, and the care and good 

 judgment exercised in their treatment. The amount, of course,- 

 is much less where a tenant plants, his landlord providing the 

 trees and bushes, than where the planter owns the land ; or, 



