38 



attached to the family. The Celtic and Irish " O " and " Mac " 

 indicated descent. The Roman custom was mentioned of the 

 transference of house signs to the individual, as well as the shortening 

 of names, as Claudius to Clodd, &c. Saxon surnames were tribal 

 names, qualifying epithets, and trades or occupations — -the sufHxes 

 "kin" and " lin " are also Saxon. Danish survivals are rare and 

 doubtful owing to close relationship with Saxon or Jutish names. 

 In Norman times surnames became abundant, and later the Crusaders 

 brought names from the East ; actors in the mystery plays were 

 also known by the names of their parts. Since Elizabeth's time 

 few surnames have been introduced. 



. . After the reading of this paper, Dr. Dixon showed 



^* a number of lantern slides of entomological and 



microscopical objects, and gave descriptions of them, announcing 

 also that a new section of the Society had been formed, the Micro- 

 scopical Section, with himself as chairman. 



Th^ N«tiv^« '^^"^ lecture was given on 17th April, 1909, by 

 The Natives Charles Hose, Esq., D.Sc, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., the 

 of Sarawak. ^^^-^ ^^-^^^ ^^^^^ j^^^ Roberts Thomson, J. P. 

 First a paper by Dr. Hose was read by Dr. Crallan, describing a 

 visit to the Madang country in the heart of Borneo. Ten years ago 

 Dr. Hose, with two members of the Cambridge Anthropological 

 Expedition, set out for this hitherto unexplored tract lying between 

 the head waters of the Batang-Kayan, Rejang and Baram rivers, 

 inhabited by the Madangs, a warlike tribe of the Kenyahs ; after 14 

 days he had to part with his Cambridge friends and pursue the 

 journey alone. Travelling on the ri'. ers was by dug-out " boats, 

 which were most expertly managed by the Kenyahs through the 

 rapids which abound. The Lata River was so full of rapids that 

 the boats were left, and the journey taken on foot along the banks 

 for some distance. The principal Madang village contains two 

 thousand people, friendly to the white man. They are a fine race, 

 light skinned, with dark eyes and straight black hair. Virgin 

 forests abound, and are at times cleared by the natives to afford 

 space for crops, the method adopted being to cut nearly through 

 every tree on a hill-side, and then pull down one at the top, so that 

 in its fall it breaks down the one below, and so on in succession till 

 all are down over a V-shaped area. The people are expert blacksmiths ; 

 they are also fond of music, having instruments of their own. They 

 fix the time for planting rice by the length of the shadow cast by a 

 tall pole on a level piece of ground, the length being measured by a 

 notched stick, the graduations on which are marked from long 

 experience. After the reading of the paper a number of lantern 

 slides were shown, from photographs by Dr. Hose, and were 

 described by him. They showed very beautiful river scenes, types of 

 natives, war canoes, houses — .these are most curious, being of great 

 length, but only one room wide, and inhabited by a number of 

 families. The weaving of the native cloth and the manufacture of 



