Costa purple-brown over the whole length unto the petiole, or 

 greenish in the middle with a broad (totally 15 — 25 mm.) pur- 

 plebrown feather-shaped cloud on the parenchyma on both sides 

 of the costa wich is visible on the dorsal side. The first appearing 

 leaves often green. Rhizome light-yellow. C. zedoaria. 

 b^. Costa more or less green at the middle, and only brown at 

 the edge and outer-side. 



a^. Leaves with a broad, dark-brown, rarely pale-brown spot at 

 and above the middle, almost quite green below the 

 middle : C. aeruginosa. 

 b^. Leaves with a narrow, dark- or pale-brown spot along 

 the whole costa, broadest above the middle, 

 a''. Very high large plant with the leaves 1 m. long. Stem 



green. C. xanthorhiza. 

 b*. Stem dark-broWn. C. phaeocaulis. 



The above mentioned differences in colour proved to me to be constant 

 in the different species. They, however often fade about the end of the 

 growing period or in less favourable growing-conditions, or quite vanish 

 in very bad circumstances (transplantation or injury), in those plants where 

 they otherwise are very characteristic. 

 11. Subterraneous organs. 

 /. Stem. 



The subterraneous stem of a foliate or flowering plant generally consists 

 of a fleshy tuber (primary tuber or bulb) with rhizomes issuing from it. The 

 bulb is commonly conical, ovate or globose and when young enwrapped 

 by the scaly bases of the leaves, when old covered with the annular 

 concentric scars of these. The annulated bulbs are not yet described in textbooks 

 of botanical morphology, but they come nearest to the "solid bulbs" of Crocus 

 and Colchicum, only they are coated merely as long as the aerial leaves 

 exist and afterwards become nude and annulated. Sometimes they are annulated 

 only at the top existing for the rest of the thickened topend of a rootstock 

 and may then be compared with the tuberiform rootstock of Trillium spec; 

 and they always remain for some time in connection with the rootstock from 

 which they have issued. From the buds of these bulbs the fleshy rootstocks 

 spring mostly in opposite rows of 2 or 3, one above an other, they are 

 composed of short internodes covered with appressed white membranous 

 nerved trigonous scales, somewhat longer than the internodes, getting scarious 

 and obliterating on old rhizomes. The rhizomes grow horizontally, obliquely 

 or even vertically according to their place of origin. They may reach a 

 considerable length (unto 300 mm.) or remain short, composed of but a 

 small number of internodes; but always they have a tendency to curve 

 upward and produce a new plant. Their buds are always disposed in two 



