Grain Freights. 



9i 



1893. 1901. 



per ton. per ton. 



s. d. s. d. 



f By lake and canal ... 9 10 ... 80 



Chicago to New York...- By lake and rail ... 13 1 ... 8 8 



[By all rail 22 10 ... 14 o 



St. Louis to New York... By rail 26 7 ... 18 o 



St. Louis to New Orleans By river (in sacks) ... 16 4 ... 9 4 



Do. Do. (in bulk) ... 10 2 ... 67 



Chicago to Liverpool ... By rail and s.s. ... ... 31 9 ... 20 o 



Chicago to London ... Do. ... ... 35 1 ... 21 8 



St. Louis to Liverpool : Via New Orleans ... 22 10 ... 14 9 



St. Louis to Liverpool: Via New York ... .,. 33 9 ... 21 10 



So far, then, as concerns the exports from the United States — 

 and it is these exports which largely control prices in this 

 country — it may be said that the advantage which the British 

 farmer enjoys by his proximity to the home market has been 

 further diminished in recent years, and does not now amount 

 to more than from 1 5s. to 20s. per ton (or 3s. 2d. to 4s. 4d. per 

 quarter) in the case of the bulk of the grain coming through the 

 Atlantic ports. 



Little information on this subject is available for other 

 countries, but in the Argentine Republic it would seem that a 

 rate of 10s. to 15s. per ton would cover the railway charges on 

 a large part of the produce, which, added to the freight in 1901, 

 would make, roughly, an average charge to the United Kingdom 

 of something like 25s. per ton. 



Co-operative Breeding of Stock. 

 It is well known that the best means of improving stock is 

 by breeding only from superior animals. The cost of pure-bred 

 bulls, &c, from which to breed is, however, beyond the means 

 of the smaller farmers and others possessing only a very few head 

 of cattle, while these cattle are, on the other hand, usually of 

 poor quality, ,and just the type which stand in most need of 

 improvement. This difficulty is partly met by hiring sires for 

 service, but here again the private owner, if he does not wish to 

 lose by the cost of good animals, is obliged to put the fees at a 

 higher figure than small owners can conveniently afford, even 

 although they may realise fully the advantages to be gained by 

 the employment of pure-bred sires. 



