Ploughs and Ploughing. 



303 



best types of the original " Yankee Ploughs," the chilled steel 

 pulverising form which led the way in the improvements in the 

 working parts of all our modern ploughs. The adoption of 

 longer handles and the fitting on of a knife-coulter as well as a 

 skim-coulter has made it a good general purpose plough, the 

 prototype of Fig. 3. In the form shown in the illustration it is 

 pre-eminently valuable on the lighter class of soils for stubble 

 work, but for a stiff grass furrow on clay land it requires to be 

 made of the elongated type of Fig. 3. 



As pointed out above, however, the benefits which accrue 

 from the use of these modern ploughs.it must be acknowledged, 



Fig. 4. — Chilled Steel American Plough. 



are not so apparent on clay soil, as the pulverising action does 

 not act so well as on loamy or other free-working soils. It is 

 just on clay soils, however, that it is most needed, and the 

 plough which will even only break up the slice into lumps with- 

 out pulverising it is an advance. On such soils any plough of 

 the swing variety is held with very great difficulty, and it is in 

 a case of this kind particularly that the benefits which accrue 

 from the use of wheels show up ; a first-rate ploughman is 

 helped very much, while a second-rate man is put on a par with 

 him as far as the total and resultant effects of the work are 

 concerned. 



Digging Plough. 



The chilled steel cultivating plough is, of course, made in 

 several different form-, one of the most notable being the 

 " digging plough," which is, practically, simply a larger size of the 



