i9o8.] 



Farm Accounts. 



405 



he has had with him. These are apportioned amongst the various 

 accounts and the totals are carried forward from week to week 

 till the end of the year. The cost of the horse labour may then 

 be allocated in proportion to these totals. 



• Rent and Rates. — These require no ledger account. Rates 

 are easily apportioned between land and buildings by taking 

 the rate collector's figures. Generally speaking, the buildings 

 will be taken as representing about 10 per cent, of the rateable 

 value of the holding, and rent may be apportioned between 

 land and buildings on the same basis. Rent and rates on 

 buildings* must be apportioned over the cattle and other 

 accounts, whilst rent and rates on land must be divided between 

 arable, meadow, and pasture. 



Grazing. — No profit or loss is made on pasture land, because 

 its produce is not directly marketable. It serves solely to 

 supply food to the live stock of the farm, and in order to ascer- 

 tain the cost of this food it is necessary to open a ledger account 

 for grazing, debiting it at the commencement of the year with 

 any unexhausted manures, and during the year, with rent and 

 rates, and the value of the manurial residues of foods fed on it* 

 On the credit side of the account will appear the value of 

 manurial residues unexhausted at the end of the year, and the 

 balance of the account will show the cost of the grazing for the 

 year. This cost must then be charged to the various cattle and 

 sheep accounts, according to the number of days' grazing 

 enjoyed by each.f 



Purchased Foods and Manures. — Whenever possible, these 

 are to be charged straight away to the account which will use 

 them. When this cannot be done, a ledger account for pur- 

 chased foods and manures must be opened, debiting it with 

 purchases, and crediting it with foods consumed and manures 

 used from time to time. The different stock accounts will be 

 debited with what they eat and the different land accounts 

 with the manures they receive. The balance of the account at 

 the end of the year represents foods and manures on hand, and 

 is carried forward to the year following. 



* If the farmhouse and cottages are not separately assessed, a proportion of the 

 rent and rates charged on buildings must be allocated to establishment (q.v.) in 

 respect of them. 



t To simplify this apportionment each beast may be reckoned as the equivalent of . 

 6-8 sheep. 



