566 The Insect and Allied Pests of the Hop. [oct., 



decay, they become free and fall to the ground. Shortly 

 after reaching the soil, they enter it, and remain there all 

 the winter. On entering the soil these white larvae change 

 into pupae in a so-called puparium case, which is formed of 

 the hardened skin of the maggot. Exactly when the small 

 two-winged midge appears and in what stage of the hops 

 it lays its eggs we do not know, nor has the mature insect 

 yet been bred. As the pest seems sometimes to spread with 

 great rapidity, it is as well to treat it in a drastic way when 

 it first appears on a small area. The hops should be picked 

 and either destroyed or, if possible, left until nearly ripe 

 and then dried before the maggots start escaping. When a 

 large area is invaded, probably the best way to check it would 

 be to fold sheep heavily in the garden so as to trample and 

 foul the land well. No substance yet known will destroy 

 the puparia in the soil, but any caustic dressing spread 

 around the infected plants just prior to the falling of the 

 grubs would destroy them. But whether such substances 

 as Vaporite, which will kill the grubs, would harm the hops 

 in early September is a matter for experiment. If not, this 

 would be the best treatment. This pest has been very pro- 

 minent during the present year. 



The Daddy Long-legs, or Crane Fly. 

 (Tipida oleracea, Linn.) 



Several cases of the damage done by Leather Jackets to 

 hops, especially plants up to their first year of polling, have 

 been observed or reported to me during the last sixteen years. 

 In all cases the larvae sent proved to be those of the Common 

 Crane Fly (Tipula oleracea) (PI. I., Fig. i). These grubs 

 (Fig. 2), which are so well known as root pests, feed mainly 

 upon the fibrous rootlets and small roots, but in one case they 

 had eaten their way into the larger roots, and were completely 

 buried in them. 



The Crane Fly larvae feed all through the winter. They 

 may easily be drawn away from the plant centres by placing 

 a turf of grass upside down on the ground close to the hill 

 in late autumn, and then be collected and crushed. The 

 larvae and pupa are shown in Figs. 2 and 3, PI. I. 



