1905.] Goat Moth and Wood Leopard Moth. 115 



The principal points to which care should be devoted are 

 the processes of boiling the fruit. The first boiling should be 

 continued only so long as the consistency of the mass is such 

 as will enable the pulp to pass through the sieve for straining, 

 and at the second boiling the pulp must not be allowed to get 

 too thick, otherwise it will acquire a bitter flavour. 



The Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperdd). — The caterpillars of this 

 moth bore galleries in the stems of many species of broad- 

 leaved trees, e.g., willow, poplar, walnut, 



The Goat Moth birch, elm, beech, lime, sycamore, ash, and 

 and the . ' ' ' ' f4 . ' 



WoodLeopardMoth. vanous fruit trees - The softer woods are 

 more commonly infested. 



The caterpillars are large, and a great number may be found 

 at work in the same tree ; the wood, on this account, is so 

 tunnelled and honeycombed as to be rendered useless for tech- 

 nical purposes. Indications of infestation are : — (a) The little 

 heaps of excrement and frass thrown, by the feeding caterpillars, 

 from their galleries to the outside, (b) The tunnelled stems 

 broken by the wind. (c) The odour of the caterpillars (the 

 walls of the galleries in the wood also smell), the odour being 

 that of the acid distilled from wood ; by some the odour has 

 been compared to that of the goat. 



Isolated trees or those in an avenue or at the edge of a wood 

 are chosen by the females for their egg laying in preference to 

 trees in close-forest or close growth. 



Description of Moth. — The goat moth is large and plump, and 

 flies at night. The female measures in. and over in length, 

 and over 3 in. in spread of wing ; the male is somewhat 

 smaller. The head is small and the eyes large ; proboscis and 

 antennae are short. The antennae of the male are distinctly 

 comb-like, those of the female, saw-like. The fore wings are pale 

 brown mottled with ashy-grey, and have numerous irregular 

 black streaks and marks ; the hind wings are darker greyish- 

 brown. The thorax is densely hairy, brown and grey in front, 

 and with a blackish band across it behind. The large heavy 

 abdomen is grey with whitish rings. 



