I9Q5-] Cattle-Breeding in Germany. 



409 



less satisfactory, 1 ; and unsatisfactory, o ; and this scale is 

 applied to each of the following points :— 



Maximum Marks. 

 4 X 3 = 12 

 4 X 4 = 16 

 4x1=4 

 4 x 4 = 16 

 4 x 3 = 12 

 4 x 3 = 12 

 4 X 3 = 12 

 4x1=4 

 4x1-4 

 4x2= 8 



100 



In (2) (4) and (5) each animal is to be judged and points 

 allotted, the average of the number thus obtained being used in 

 making up the total. Herds which receive no marks in any one 

 of the classes (2), (4) or (6), and those which on the whole 

 receive less than 50 marks are ineligible for a prize. The judging 

 is to be done twice — in April and July. The prizes are not to 

 be less than £2 10s. nor more than £15. 



Awards of this character are given in several of the Prussian 

 provinces, and also in two or three of the German States. 



3. Societies for Maintaining Bulls. — These exist in all parts of 

 Germany, and considerable sums are devoted to this purpose, both 

 from State and from local sources, as their far-reaching effect as 

 a means of improving the local breed of cattle is generally 

 recognised. According to a plan adopted in East Prussia, the 

 formation of these societies is encouraged in places where a bull 

 is thought to be needed, by the grant from State funds of a loan, 

 free of interest, for three years. The society must be constituted 

 according to a scheme approved by the Central Chamber, by 

 whom the grants are administered. The loan is to be applied 

 to the purchase of a bull, which must be pure-bred of an 

 approved breed. It must be insured by the society to its full 

 value against fire, illness, and death, and must not serve more 

 than sixty cows annually. The fee is to be so arranged that 

 the repayment of the loan can be guaranteed out of the receipts 

 in three years. The bull is placed in charge of a member, who 

 receives no payment ; but at the end of the three years the bull 



(1) Proportion of herd bred on farm 



(2) Form 



(3) Uniformity 



(4) Milking qualities 



(5) Fattening or draught qualities 



(6) Fodder supply 



(7) Care and management 



(8) Utilisation of the milk 



(9) Buildings or cattle sheds 

 (10) Management of manure 



