334 Summary of Agricultural Experiments, [july, 



barley meal, but one lot received 4 lb. daily of soy bean cake, and the 

 other 4 lb. of decorticated cotton cake. The increase made by each lot 

 was the same, and it is concluded that the two foods are of equal value 

 for fattening, while the cost of soy bean cake is lower than that of 

 decorticated cotton cake. 



Dairying. 



The Cellular Elements present in SVSilk (Jour. Brit. Dairy Farmers' 

 Assoc., Vol. 25, 191 1). — This investigation has been continued with the 

 milk of animals other than the cow. Samples of milk from the ass 

 and the goat, and a few samples of human milk were examined. The 

 ass is a type of animal in which milk production has not been developed 

 by breeding and selection, so that lactation is in no way "artificial," 

 while the animal is docile and stolid. The goat is more of the type of 

 the cow, but the milk-producing power has not been developed to such a 

 degree. The conditions observed in the milk were very much in accord- 

 ance with these characteristics. The cell count was very low and 

 uniform in the ass's milk, and rather less so in the goat's milk. The 

 opinion of the investigators is that these results tend to confirm the 

 conclusions already arrived at. A uniform type of life tends to a fairly 

 uniform excretion of tissue cells from the udder, but in the cow the 

 udder must be looked upon as an organ which has by breeding and 

 selection been brought to an artificial condition of milk secretion, and 

 this has been accompanied by a stimulation of the tissues to cell pro- 

 liferation, and a consequent liability to increase of the cellular elements 

 which is not necessarily significant of disease. 



Difference in the Amount of Fat in Morning and Evening IVSilk owing 

 to Unequal Intervals of Milking (Proc. Univ. Durham Philosophical Soc, 

 Vol. iv., Pt. I.). — It is well known that afternoon milk is richer in 

 fat than morning milk, and that this difference is largely, if not wholly, 

 due to the shorter time from the morning to the afternoon milking. 

 In this paper Mr. S. H. Collins has collected together the results of 

 a large number of investigations of the composition of milk in order 

 to find the amount of difference in the proportion of fat that is caused 

 by various intervals between the milkings. The results arrived at are 

 as follows : — 



Interval betiveen milkings. Difference in milk. 



12 and 12 hours. Morning milk richer in fat than 

 e.g., 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. evening milk by 0*18 per cent. 



13 and 1 1 hours, Evening milk richer lhan morn- 

 e.%., 6 a.m. and 5 p.m. ing milk by 0*33 per cent. 



14 and 10 hours, ) , 



e.g., 6 a.m. and 4 p.m. [ Do - b ? P er cent 



14^ and qh hours, 1 — , 



e.g., 6 a.m. and 3.30 p.m. f D °- by 1 *° 9 PGV C6nt ' 



On the average, if a herd be milked 12 minutes earlier in the morn- 

 ing and 12 minutes later in the evening, the milk will be richer in fat by 

 o*i per cent, in the morning, and correspondingly poorer in the evening. 



Foodstuff Requirements of Dairy Cows (Arbeiten der Deut. Landw. 

 Gesell., Heft 171). — Experiments carried out by the German Agricul- 

 tural Society to ascertain the starch equivalent and albuminoid require- 

 ments of dairy cows are reported in this publication by Dr. Hansen. 



