PRUNING AND TRAINING. 



395 



HAYWARD S MODE OF TRAINING. 



from four to six branches, 3 or 4 feet long, like 

 this figure — fig. 151. At the winter-pruning the 



branches must 

 Fig. 151. be brought 



down and fixed 

 to the stem 

 with small wil- 

 low twigs or 

 twine — thus, 

 fig. 152. When 

 they are fixed 

 in this manner 

 the sap will not 

 flow in suffi- 

 cient quantity 

 down the 

 branches to 

 form wood 

 branches at 

 their ends, but 

 the buds will 

 more readily 

 form for blos- 

 soms and fruit. The wood shoots will be 

 thrown out on the upper sides of the reversed 

 branches, where they may 

 be permitted to grow their 

 full length during summer, 

 and in the winter they may 

 be either cutout, or brought 

 down the same as the first 

 branches, either to fill up 

 any vacant space, or to 

 take the place of the old 

 branches if cut out. Or, 

 if it be desirable, the stem 

 may be allowed to advance 

 to form another tier of 

 drooping branches for bear- 

 ers, as in fig. 153. Indeed, 

 on the same principle, it 

 may be carried to a greater 

 height. The general man- 

 agement of pruning, &c, of trees trained in 

 this manner, must be conducted and regulated 

 by the same principles as 

 when trained to any other 

 shape. All collaterals 

 thrown out where they are 

 not wanted must be re- 

 moved as soon as they are 

 discovered ; and as the re- 

 versed branches or bearers 

 are worn out, they must 

 be cut away, and fresh 

 ones brought down in their 

 places." To prevent crowd- 

 ing, when the ends of the 

 branches are brought down 

 towards the stem of the 

 tree, instead of being tied 

 to the stem they should be 

 tied to a hoop, b, fig. 152, 

 fixed to the stem, about 1 8 

 inches from the ground ; 

 and as shoots are most 

 likely to be sent out from the curvature 

 given to the branches, as at a, fig. 152, 

 those best placed to admit of being bent down 



HAYWARD S MODE 

 OF TRAINING. 



Fig. 153. 



HAYWARD S MODE 

 OF TRAINING. 



to supply the place of the parent branch when 

 worn out, should be selected, and all the rest 

 rubbed off. It would not be of advantage to 

 have more than two tiers of pendant branches, 

 as in such a case the trees would become too 

 tall, and be liable to suffer from the wind ; 

 besides, the topmost tier of branches would rob 

 those of the undermost, upon the principle 

 already explained. Much of the success of this 

 method of training lies in attention being paid 

 to disbudding, or the removal of all such shoots 

 as are not wanted to carry on and extend the 

 tree, or to succeed and occupy the place of the 

 worn-out bearers. Mr Hayward remarks that 

 this mode of training is well adapted to apple 

 trees on paradise stocks, pear trees on quince 

 stocks, cherry trees, &c, and also to peach trees 

 in pots. It has also the advantage of requir- 

 ing no stakes for support, which of itself is 

 no small recommendation. Hayward's que- 

 nouille mode of training is even better adapted 

 to small gardens than that practised by the 

 French — (vide Pruning and Training the Pear.) 

 The spiral-cylinder mode of training recom- 

 mended by Hayward is well adapted to small 

 gardens, and is thus described by him — " In- 

 quiry into the Fruit- 



Fig. 154. 



SPIRAL TRAINING. 



Fig. 155. 



Fig. 156. 



SPIRAL TRAINING. 



fulness and Barrenness 

 of Plants and Trees," 

 p. 238— "Prune and 

 manage the tree so as 

 it shall form from three 

 to six branches, of as 

 nearly equal size as pos- 

 sible, within about 6 or 

 8 inches of the ground, 

 as in fig. 154 ; and as 

 soon as the branches 

 are grown from 3 to 5 

 feet long, fix six rods 

 or stakes into the earth 

 for supporting them, in 

 a circle about the root, 

 as in fig. 1 55, the centre 

 dot marking the root, 

 and the others the rods. 

 Each branch is then to 

 be brought down, and 

 being fixed to the rod 

 near its base, the 

 branch is to be carried 

 round in a spiral man- 

 ner, on such an eleva- 

 tion as will form an 

 inclination of about 

 15°, and each branch is 

 to be fixed in the same 

 manner, one after an- 

 other ; thus all will 

 move in the same di- 

 rection, one above the 

 other, like so many 

 cork-screws following 

 in the same course, as 

 shown in fig. 156. As, 

 from the position of the 

 branches, the fruit-bud 

 of each leader will pre- 

 sent the most vertical 



