THE CHERRY. 



545 



the injured part, and prevents the natural heal- 

 ing at the time of the sap's ascent ; extravasated 

 sap exudes from the part, and forms that gummy 

 appearance known as the gum. When the soil 

 is too rich, the sap is thrown into the stem and 

 larger branches faster than the circulating ves- 

 sels can carry it away ; some part or other of 

 these becomes ruptured by the force of the sap 

 within, and as it exudes through the ruptured 

 part of the bark it assumes the gummy appearance. 

 Eoot-pruning and replanting in a less highly- 

 enriched soil are the only remedies in this case, 

 for the cherry, of all fruit trees, is the most im- 

 patient of a rich soil. The difference between 

 the tree and stock acts much in the same way 

 as an over rich soil : when the stock is of a nature 

 to throw more sap into the tree than it requires, 

 the same consequences follow; and when it sends 

 up an insufficient supply of sap in spring, in con- 

 sequence of the sap-vessels being too small to 

 admit of its free ascent, the tree would show 

 evidence of its diminished supply by the small- 

 ness of its shoots and foliage, but this is made 

 up by the leaves, which draw a considerable 

 share of their nourishment from the atmos- 

 phere. The returning sap, however, is impeded 

 in its descent in autumn at the point of union 

 of the stock and graft, the vessels become there 

 often greatly distended, producing those pro- 

 tuberances so frequently seen on cherry trees ; 

 the weaker vessels then often become ruptured, 

 extravasated sap exudes, and forms into a gummy 

 substance. The cherry on its own roots — that 

 is, directly originated from seed— lives to a con- 

 siderable age, and often attains a large size, but 

 seldom when budded or grafted, more especially 

 if on stocks originated from seed of the culti- 

 vated sorts. 



Insects. — Tenthredo cermi L. is often exceed- 

 ingly injurious to the foliage of the cherry, roll- 

 ing itself up in the leaves to undergo its trans- 

 mutations, at which time it should be sought for 

 and destroyed. 



The Morello cherry louse {Aphis cerasi) in- 

 fests the under sides of the leaves, and often the 

 young shoots also. Tobacco, either applied by 

 fumigation or syringing, is one way of getting rid 



of this as well as most others of the family. It 

 is said to be more prevalent on trees in damp 

 soils than otherwise. When the young shoots 

 are attacked during summer, dip their points 

 in strong tobacco-water, or syringe them with 

 water, and immediately dust them over with 

 Scotch snuff. 



Nasmyth recommends, as a remedy against 

 the black- fly, "a mixture of pitch with one-six- 

 teenth part of powdered orpiment, one-sixteenth 

 part of sulphur, dissolved over a slow fire until 

 they are well incorporated ; when cold, divide 

 it into small pieces about the size of a hen's egg, 

 and burn it under the trees, with damp straw, 

 directing the smoke as much as possible where 

 the insects are most numerous." We have 

 found common coal-tar, and also naphtha, placed 

 in earthenware pans, such as are used for setting 

 under flower-pots, burnt under the trees, have a 

 most beneficial effect. The operation should be 

 carried on on a quiet still day ; in either case, 

 the day following the trees should be syringed 

 over with clear water, directing it against them 

 with sufficient force to rid the leaves and shoots 

 of the dead and dying. Burning either in an 

 iron ladle, such as plumbers melt their lead in, 

 held under the trees, and carried from tree to 

 tree, is an expeditious mode of ridding young 

 trees in nursery lines of these intruders. 



The red-spider (Acarus telarius), fig. 22, is 

 often destructive to the cherry foliage, particu- 

 larly in dry seasons, and more especially in the 

 cherry-house. 



The European names. — Cerisier, French — 

 Kirschbaum, German — Kersenboom, Dutch — 

 Ciriegio, Italian — Cerezo, Spanish — Wischnaija, 

 Russian — Wisnia, Polish. 



The names of the following cherries are 

 pronounced thus: Belle de Choisy — Bel-de 

 Schwoi-sey ; Belle Magnifique — Bel Man-gue- 

 feek ; Bigarreau — Be-gar-ro ; Bigarreau Rouge — 

 Be-gar-ro Rooje ; Bigarreau Couleur de Chair — 

 Be-gar-ro Coo-lur de Shair ; Bigarreau Gros 

 Cceuret — Be-gar-ro Gro Keur-ai ; Bigarreau Tar- 

 dif de Hildesheim — Be-gar-ro Tarduf de Hilde- 

 sheim ; Gros Bigarreau Rouge — Gro Be-gar-ro 

 Rooje ; Griotte d'Espagne — Gre-ote Des-pan. 



