574 



FRUIT GARDEN. 



Victoria. — Another English seedling ol recent 

 date. It fully equals the Red Antwerp in size 

 and flavour, and excels it in the long continu- 

 ance of its production, yielding fruit from 

 July to the beginning of November. Canes of 

 moderate height and strength, sending out 

 numerous branches from 18 inches to 2 feet in 

 length. Synonyms — Cornwall's Victoria, Su- 

 perbe d' 'Angleterre. 



White globe— Size of fruit medium ; form 

 roundish ; described by the Messrs Lawson as 

 " very prolific, bearing its fruit in large clusters; 

 canes strong, with thickly-set bristles, but of a 

 dwarf habit, and needs no stakes; very distinct." 



White monarch. — Fruit large ; form roundish 

 or conical ; colour pale yellow ; canes strong, 

 with many side - branches ; flavour excellent ; 

 producing fruit in succession for several weeks. 



Yellow Antwerp. — Fruit large, nearly conical, 

 whitish yellow ; flavour sweet and excellent ; 

 canes strong, light yellow, with many bristles or 

 spines. Synonyms — Double - bearing yelloic, 

 White Antwerp. 



The varieties cultivated in the Dalkeith gar- 

 dens are —Falstoff, Red and yellow Antwerp, 

 Franconia, Rivers'' large-fruited monthly, Rogers' 

 Victoria, White globe, and Double-bearing. 



From ten out of fifteen returns from various 

 parts of Britain, the Red and Yellow Antwerp, 

 Falstoff, Double - bearing, and Cornwall's red or 

 Barnet, only are grown. 



Insects and diseases. — The raspberry is sel- 

 dom seriously attacked by either. The fruit, 

 when ripe, is frequently found to contain the 

 grub of, so far as we are aware, an undeter- 

 mined insect, and this occurs more frequently 

 when the plants are growing in too poor, too 

 shallow, or too dry a situation. 



The raspberry leaf-miner (Fcenusa pumila), 



Fig. 239. 



RASPBERRY LKAV-MWER. 



Grub and fly. 



fig. 239, is sometimes found on the foliage about 

 the beginning of July. Its presence will be in- 



dicated by the appearance of large blotches on 

 the leaves, which upon examination will be found 

 to contain, between the two surfaces, small 

 dirty -green caterpillars, having three pairs of 

 legs attached to the segments following the 

 head, and six pairs of ventral and one pair of 

 anal prolegs. During the growth of the cater- 

 pillar they shed their skins several times, leav- 

 ing the exuvia within the blotch; these blotches 

 often extend over the greater part of the leaf, 

 and when they have eaten up all the substance, 

 and have attained their full size, which is about 

 three-eighths of an inch in length, they eat their 

 way out and fall to the ground, where they 

 undergo their transformation. The perfect in- 

 sect appears about the beginning of August, 

 about an eighth of an inch in length and rather 

 more than a quarter of an inch from the points 

 of its fore wings. It is of a shining black colour, 

 the edge of the abdomen polished as far as the 

 second joint. The legs and thighs testaceous 

 and palish, tibiae occasionally white at the base ; 

 the wings, with the front margin and stigma, 

 black. " Some specimens," Mr Westwood con- 

 jectures, " must appear in the winged state in 

 the following spring, in order to deposit their 

 eggs in the new raspberry leaves. These are 

 either a fresh brood, or, as appears more likely, 

 are the survivors of those hatched in August." 

 The only remedy appears to be cutting off every 

 leaf infested, and consigning them to the flames. 



The grub of the raspberry bud (Tinea corti- 

 cella of Linnaeus, Haworth, Stephens, and West- 

 wood, Tinea rubiella of Swedish entomologists, 

 Alucita variella of many German entomolo- 

 gists, Alucita multipunctella of Duponchel, Gly- 

 phypteryx variella of Stainton, Lampronia corti- 

 cella of others), is found committing sad havoc 

 on the buds of the raspberry from the middle 

 of April to the end of May. In its caterpillar 

 state it is about a quarter of an inch long, of 

 a scarlet colour, which renders its detection 

 easy, seated in the interior of the bud, which it 

 devours entirely, and betraying itself by the 

 dying away of the blossom-buds and young 

 shoots. The body is thickest at the middle, 

 tapering away towards the hinder extremity; 

 head black; the segment immediately behind 

 has two black double spots ; the anal segment is 

 also black, as are also its three pairs of jointed 

 legs, which are attached to the three segments 

 following the head, and four pairs of vertical 

 and one pair of anal prolegs, which are of a 

 fleshy colour. About the beginning of June the 

 caterpillar spins itself a web, attached to the 

 withering leaves, in which it changes to a chry- 

 salis of a light chestnut colour, and continues 

 in that state about a fortnight. The moth, 

 which is very beautiful, has shining brownish 

 upper wings, varied with gold-coloured spots, 

 two of which are larger than the rest, and are 

 placed on the upper edge of the wings. Hind 

 wings dark brown; the head thickly clothed 

 with gold-coloured hairs. The eggs are laid in 

 July, and are hatched in August, and immedi- 

 ately commence feeding on the foliage. Where 

 they secrete themselves during winter is not 

 very well known, but they begin their attacks 

 on the buds the following spring, which appears 



