19 io.] Notes on the Weather in August. 



505 



quintal in 1907; in 1908 it was 75. 6§<2., while in 1909 it fell to 6s. io|d. 

 per quintal. 



The possibility of an immediate renewal of the Combination appears 

 to be doubtful, although there is an indication that those who were 

 opposed to it and were the cause of its non-renewal are now more 

 favourably disposed to something being done in this direction. If this 

 should be brought about prices would no doubt rise. 



Co-operative Associations in Russia. — Information is given in a 

 report on the trade of Russia during 1909 (Foreign Office Report, 

 Annual Series, No. 4533) with regard to the spread of co-operative 

 associations connected with agriculture in the consular district of 

 Moscow. Societies have been formed in connection with bee-keeping, 

 the sale of fruit, wine-making, the purchase of goods at fairs and from 

 factories, egg-farming, cattle-fattening, &c. Other associations have 

 advanced loans on, or acted as intermediaries in the sale of grain, and 

 the operations of the associations giving advances on grain have been 

 largely extended by means of loans obtained from the State Bank. 



At the beginning of the first week the weather over England was 

 mostly fair and dry, but in Scotland the conditions were less settled, 

 Notes on anC * ° n ^ uesc ^ a y ra * n extended to all parts, the 



w +"k res *- °^ ^ e wee k being cool and very change- 



. , able. Temperature was below the average in 



8 ' most of the western and southern districts, 



and in the Midland "counties ; elsewhere it agreed closely with the 

 normal. Rainfall varied; in England S.E. and S.W. it was classed as^ 

 "heavy," and there was a smaller excess over the average in Scotland E., 

 but in other districts there was a fairly general deficit. Sunshine was 

 "abundant" in England E., "moderate" over the rest of England, and 

 "scanty" in Scotland. 



The weather was fair and dry about the middle of the second week, 

 but at other times it was in a changeable, showery condition over the 

 country generally. Temperature was above the normal, especially in 

 the north and west of England and in Scotland, but the duration of 

 sunshine was small except in Scotland N. and E. Rainfall was 

 generally slight. 



During the third week the general conditions were again unsettled. 

 Rainfall was "heavy" in Scotland and in England except in the east, 

 where it was "moderate," and the south-east "light." Warmth was 

 classed as "unusual" everywhere, but sunshine was "scanty" in 

 Scotland W., and "moderate" elsewhere, except in England S.W. 

 (abundant). 



In the fourth week unseasonable and unsettled conditions still pre- 

 vailed over the whole country. Rainfall exceeded the normal, except in 

 England S.E., the excess being as a rule large, especially in the north 

 and north-west. Temperature was below the normal except in England 

 E., and sunshine was also low, this latter being "moderate" only in 

 England E., and "scanty" or "very scanty" everywhere else. 



The records for the thirteen weeks of summer, from June 5th to 

 September 3rd, show that rainfall has been above the average, and 

 sunshine and warmth have been below the average almost throughout 

 the country, the only exceptions being that temperature was higher 

 than the normal in Scotland N. and W., and rainfall was below the 

 average in Scotland N. 



N N 



